COMPARATIVE POLICE

SYSTEM

PREPARED BY:

WILMAR I.PUERTO,RCRIM
1
 INTRODUCTION

 Policing is the most obvious and apparent aspect

of the criminal justice system

 Police Systems around the world varied in terms

of approach and practices in achieving police
goals due to diversity of culture however
similarities are placed on the purpose of their
existence – law enforcement, peace and order,
crime prevention

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Types of Police System
It is consensus of experts that there are four types of
criminal justice system in the world.

1. Common Law System- with strong adversarial system

where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by
precedent (the importance of previously decided cases)-
US, England, Australia, New Zealand.

2. Civil Law System- with strong inquisitorial system

where less right is granted to the accused ( European,
Union, Sweden, Germany, France & Japan)

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3. Socialist System- known as the Marxist Leninist
Justice (Africa & Asia)

4. Islamic System- known as Muslim or Arabic justice

and derive their procedures and practices from
interpretation of the Koran. Religion plays an important
role in Islamic System, where legal rule and religious rule
go together.

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COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM

 Adversarial System- Where the accused is innocent

until proven guilty. (US)

 Inquisitorial System- Where the accused is guilty

until proven innocent.

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Types of Societies

1. Folk- Communal Society- has little codification of

laws, no specialization among police and a system of
punishment that just let things go for a while
( African, & Middle Eastern Tribes)

2. Urban-Commercial Society- has civil law, specialized

police forces and punishment is inconsistent. ( Continental
Europe)

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3. Urban- Industrial Society- has codified laws,
police became specialized in how to handle property
crime. ( Eaglewood and US)

4. Bureaucratic Society- has a system of laws

(lawyers), police tend to keep busy handling
political crime and terrorism. Punishment is
characterized by over criminalization. Juvenile
delinquency in a bureaucratic society.

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 DIFFERENT POLICE GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS

-( Aseanapol )- ASEAN Chiefs of Police

Member Countries of ASEAN Chiefs of Police

- Indonesia -Brunei Darussalam

- Malaysia - Vietnam
- Philippines - Lao PDR
- Singapore - Myanmar
- Thailand - Cambodia 8
 DIFFERENT POLICE GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
 Europol (European Police Office)- it is the European
Union`s Criminal Intelligence Agency. It became fully
operational on July 1999.
 IACP ( International Association of Chiefs of Police)
world`s largest and oldest organization of police
executives.
 INTERPOL (INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE
ORGANIZATION)
 UN Policing- one of the objectives of PNP officers being
deployed in the U.N. mission is for mentoring other law
enforcement of foreign countries like East Timor and
Kosovo.
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 THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

 The First Theory- (Alertness to Crime Theory)

 As a nation develops, people`s alertness to crime is
heightened. They report more crime to the police and
demand the police to become more effective in solving
crime problems.

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 The Second Theory- ( Economic and
Migration Theory )
 The crime everywhere is the result of
unrestrained migration and over population in
urban areas.

 The Third Theory- ( Opportunity Theory)

 Along with higher standard of living, victims
become more careless of their belongings, and
opportunities for committing crimes multiply.
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 The Fourth Theory- ( Demographic Theory)
 This is based on the event when a greater number of
children are being born. As these baby booms grow up,
delinquent subculture develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.

 The Fifth Theory- ( Deprivation Theory)

 Holds that progress comes along with rising
expectations. People at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectation while people at the top don`t see themselves
rising fast enough.

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 The Sixth Theory- ( Modernization Theory)
 Sees the problem as society becoming complex.

 The Seventh Theory- ( The Theory of Anomie &

Synomie)
 The latter being a term referring to social cohesion on
values, suggest that progressive lifestyles and norms
results in the disintegration of older once held people
together.

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 CONCEPT OF THE WORD “COMPARATIVE”
- Denotes the degree or grade by which a person,
thing, or other entity has a property or quality
greater or less in extent than that of another
- Similarities and Differences

-Example:
- Japanese Police System vs. Philippine Police System

***The study of comparative police system, criminal

justice and law is a fairly new field and has
corresponded with rising interest in a more
established field, comparative criminology. 14
What is Comparative Police System?
 It comparing our police system with selected
police models from other parts of the world.

How can this be done?

 By comparative research which is usually carried
by the so called “safari” method ( a researcher
visits another country) or “ collaborative”
method ( the researcher communicates with a
foreign researcher).
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WHAT IS COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM?
It is the process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international

t
policing.

What is GLOBALIZATION?

Is the system of interaction among the countries of the

world in order to develop the global economy.
Globalization refers to the integration of economics and
societies all over the world. Globalization involves
technological, economic, political, and cultural
exchanges made possible largely by advances in 16

communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

 CONCEPT OF “POLICE” …
 typically are responsible for maintaining public
order and safety, enforcing the law, and
preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal
activities. These functions are known as policing.

 Police are often also entrusted with various

licensing and regulatory activities.

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 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Positive effects
 Industry - international brands operating
worldwide.
 Culture – mixture – food/attire/language/practice

 Legislation – International court of

justice/international law enforcement
 Language – mother tongue plus English global

 Information – quick info sharing

 Finance – IMF/WB

 Politics – world political influence

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 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Negative Effects

 White Collar Crimes & Labor exploitation

 Job insecurity/ unstable due to increased competition
 International crimes like human trafficking
 World Terrorism, Cyber crimes, Drug trafficking
 Human rights violations on global scale
 Bad effects of foreign culture to local cultures
 Deadly diseases spread on global scale
 Price increase on commodities
 Local industries taken over by foreign multinationals 19
United States- the prime mover of globalization.

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 INTERPOL: POLICING THE WORLD

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international

police organization, with 200 member countries.

Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police

co-operation, and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose
mission is to prevent or combat international
crime.

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INTERPOL: FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure Global Police Communication Services

Interpol’s global police communications system,

known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.

2. Operational Data Services & Databases for

Police

Member countries have direct and immediate access

to a wide range of databases including information on
known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and
stolen or lost travel documents. INTERPOL also
disseminates critical crime-related data through a 22
system of INTERNATIONAL Notice.
3. Operational Police Support Services

INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field

with emergency support and operational activities,
especially in its priority crime areas.
A command and coordination center operates 24 hours a
day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident
Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster.

4. Police Training and Development

INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives

with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member
countries to effectively combat transnational crime and
terrorism. This includes sharing knowledge, skills and best
practices in policing and establishing global standards. 23
INTERPOL: LEADERSHIP & GOVERNANCE
The President of INTERPOL and the
Secretary General work closely together in
providing strong leadership and direction to the
Organization.

INTERPOLs Structure

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INTERPOL - INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
POLICE ORGANIZATION
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Compose of delegates appointed by the governments
of member countries.

It is the supreme governing body. Meets once a year

and takes all the major decisions affecting general
policy, the resources needed for international co-
operation, working methods, finances and program of
activities. It also elects the Executive Committee.

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 THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

 Supervise the execution of the decisions of the

General Assembly
 Prepare the agenda for sessions of the General
Assembly
 Submit to the General Assembly any program of
work or project which it considers useful
 Supervise the administration and work of the
Secretary General

Meets every 3 times a year

Composition: President, VPs & Delegates

*** The former Filipino President of INTERPOL

in 1980 – 1984 - JOLLY R. BUGARIN (Philippines)
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 GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Location: Lyon, France

Operation: 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Langauges: S A F E
Spanish
Arabic
French
English

Regional Offices: Seven (7) – Argentina, Thailand,

Zimbabwe, Cameroon,
Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador,
Kenya
** The SECRETARY GENERAL is appointed by the
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GA for a period of 5 yrs (maybe reelected)
 NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS
 Each member country (200 members) has its
own National Central Bureaus (NCB)
 Role: Contact point of the Secretariat,
Assistance on overseas law enforcement,
investigation, and or apprehension of
fugitives.
 NCB Philippines (Manila)

Director General Philippine National Police ---------Chairman

Director, National Bureau of Investigation -----------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs ------------------- --Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue ---------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration -----------------Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas -----------------Member
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board ----------Member 28
Commissioner, EIIB ---------------------------------------------Member
 INTERPOL DISTINCTIVE SIGNS
Official Name: ICPO – International Criminal
Police Organization
Official Emblem:

www.rkmfiles.net
 GLOBE (worldwide activities)
 OLIVE BRANCHES (Peace)
 'INTERPOL' (telegraphic address)
 VERTICAL SWORD (police action)
 SCALE (justice)

The INTERPOL Flag

(final modification was in 1973) 29
 INTERPOL MISSION
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
Transnational organized crime is a crime
perpetuated by organized criminal groups with the
aim of committing one or more serious crimes or
offenses in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefit. In order to be
considered as transnational, a crime must involve
the crossing of borders or jurisdictions.

Interpol – is the central repository for professional

and technical expertise, clearinghouse for the
collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of
information on transnational crimes 30
Transnational Crimes versus International Crimes

 Transnational Crimes involves activities that violate

the laws of more than one country (i.e., money
laundering, terrorist activities, illicit traffic in arms,
environmental crimes, illicit drug trafficking, and
trafficking in persons).

 International crimes refer to the activities that are

contrary to the interests of humankind. International
crimes include genocide, apartheid (suppression of racial
or ethnic group), war crimes, and international
terrorism.

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INTERPOL SIX PRIORITY CRIME AREAS

1. Drug and Criminal Organizations- Tackling the

growing problem of drug abuse and trafficking, often link
to other crimes.
2. Financial and Hi-Tech Crime- Combating
counterfeiting, payment card fraud, intellectual property
and cybercrime.
3. Fugitives- Tracing fugitives, who threaten public
safety and undermine criminal justice system.

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4. Public Safety and Terrorism- Counterfeiting
terrorism, which threatens public safety and world
security.
5. Trafficking in Human Being- Fighting abuse and
exploitation of people, which breach human rights and
destroy lives.
6. Corruption- Working together towards a corruption
free world by promoting and defending integrity, justice
and rule of law.

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Organize Crime Groups- the United Nations
define it as a structured group of three or more
persons existing for a period of time and acting in
concert with the aim of committing one or more
serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain,
directly, or indirectly, a financial or other material
benefit.

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Terrorism
Define as the unlawful use of force or violence against
person or property to intimidate or coerce a government,
the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives.
 Assassination- the deliberate killing of top-ranking
government officials and/or prominent personalities.
 The term terrorism comes from French terrorisme, from
Latin: “terror”, “great fear”, “dread”, related to the latin
verb “ terrere”, “ to frighten”.
 The use of the word first appeared in January 1795 in
The Times.

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Characteristics of Terrorism:

 Premeditated or Planned
 Politically motivated
 Aimed at Civilians
 Carried out by sub-national groups

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Types of Terrorism:

 Nationalist Terrorism- seek to form a separate state of

their own and frequently depict their activities as a fight
for liberation.
 Religious Terrorism- pursue their own vision of the
divine will and use violence intended to bring about
social and cultural changes.
 State- sponsored Terrorism- deliberately used by
radical state as foreign policy tools.
 Left-wing Terrorism- seek to destroy economies based
on free enterprise and to replace them with socialist or
communist economic systems.
 Right-wing Terrorism- motivated by fascist ideals and
work toward the dissolution of democratic governments.37
 Anarchist Terrorism- are revolutionaries who seek to
overthrow all established forms of government.
 Domestic Terrorism- refers to the unlawful use of
force or violence by a group or an individual who is
based and operates within a state.
 International Terrorism- is the unlawful use of force
or violence by a group or an individual who has
connection to a foreign power or whose activities
transcend national boundaries against person or
property to intimidate or coerce a government.
 Cyber-terrorism- is a form of terrorism that makes
use of high technology especially computers, the
Internet and the World Wide Web- in planning and
carrying out of terrorist attacks.
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Organizations:
Al –Qaeda
Founded by Osama Bin Lade in 1998 in Saudi Arabia.
An Islamic Jihadist movement to replace Western-
controlled or dominated Muslim countries with Islamic
fundamentalist regimes.

Osama Bin – Laden

 Born in March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 The only son of his father`s 10th wife.

 At the age of 17, Osama married his first wife.

 Osama married four women and fathered roughly 25 to

26 children.
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Al- Qaeda`s well known attack

 19 men hijacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners.

 Crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in
Pentagon and the other 1 in Pennsylvania.
 2,973 died and the 19 hijackers.
 Al Qaeda in Arabic is known as “ The Base”. It is the
terrorist group responsible for the September 11, 2001
attacks of the Pentagon in Washington DC and the
World Trade Center in New York.

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Counter-Terrorism- refers to the practices, tactics and
strategies that governments, militaries and other groups
adopt in order to fight terrorism.

NATO (National Atlantic Treaty Organization) and

US Military Definition- operations that include the
offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, pre-empt and
respond to terrorism.

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Types of Counterterrorism

 Strategic Counterterrorism- deny resources, such as

finances or base areas, to the terrorists. It will capture,
kill, or convent terrorist leaders.

 Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism-

creation of elite units or forces, whose role is to directly
engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. They
perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and
responding to on-going attacks.

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Counter-Terrorist Groups

Australia
 Tactical Assault Group (TAG)
 Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR )

Germany
 Grenzschutzgruppe-9 ( GSG-9)

Israel
 Sayeret Mat’kal ( General Staff Reconnaissance
Unit 269)

Netherlands
 Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid- BBE 43
Norway
 Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK)- Special Commando of
the Defense

OMAN
 Sultan`s Special Forces “Cobras”

United Kingdom (UK)

 Special Air Service (SAS)

United States of Amerika

 Delta Force
 Seal Team Six

Philippines
 Special Action Force (PNP-SAF)
 Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG)
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United Nation`s Counter-Terrorism Committee

 The CTC was established by Security Control resolution

1373 (2001), which was adopted unanimously on Sept.
28, 2001 in the wake of the 11 September terrorist
attack in the United States.

 The Committee, comprising all 15 Security Council

Members

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA`S NATIONAL
COUNTERTERRORISM CENTER(NCTC)
 Established by Presidential Executive Order 13354 in
August 2004 and codified by the Intelligence Reform and
Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.

PHILIPPINE CENTER ON TRANSNATIONAL

CRIME (PCTC)
 Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive Order No. 62
under the office of the President to formulate and
implement a concerted of action of all law enforcement,
intelligence and other government agencies for the
prevention and control of transnational crime.

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Republic Act number 9372 “Human Security Act of
2007)”

 Signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo

and effective on July 2007, officially aimed at tackling
militants in the Southern Philippines, including Abu
Sayyaf Group, which has links to Al Qaeda and has been
blamed for bombings and kidnappings in the region.

47
Terrorism in the Philippines Islamic Terrorist
Group

1. Bangsa Moro
“The MORO people” is the generic name for the 13 ethno
linguistic Muslim tribes in the Philippines which
constitute a quarter of the population in Mindanao in the
Southern Philippines.

Three Major Groups:

 Maguindanaons
 Maranaos

 Tausogs
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2.Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
Aliases: Al-Harakat Al- Islamiyah
Bearer of the Sword
Father of the Swordsman
Founding Philosophy:
 The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991 during the
peace process between the Philippine Government and the
Nationalist/Separatist terrorist group, the Moro National
Liberation Front ( MNLF ).
 ASG was lead by Abdurajak Janjalani, who was recruited for
training in Afghanistan.
 The Philippine-based terrorist group is listed by the United
States of America as one of the major terrorist organizations
in the world today. This renegade faction of a bigger
organization working to have an independent state in
Southern Philippines is involved in atrocities like
kidnapping for ransom. Ambuscades, raids and the like.
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3. Rajah Solaiman Movement

 Aliases: “ Balik Islam or Back to Islam”

 Founded by Hilarion del Rosario III, a.k.a. Hannah
Santos, Ahmed Santos, Hilarion del Rosario.
 Converted to islam in 1993 and married into the top
ranks of the leadership of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).

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4. Jemaah Islamiya ( JI)

Aliases: Islamic Community, Islamic Group

 An extremist Islamic group that is believed to be linked
to Al Qaeda and responsible for the bombing of the
nightclub in Bali in 2002 that killed 192 people. It is a
terrorist group that is reportedly training the MILF
elements in Mindanao.
 The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in
Southeast Asia.
 Considered as the major logistics cell, responsible for
acquiring explosives, guns and other equipment.

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5. Communist Influence New People`s Army (
NPA )

 Formed in 1969 with support from China.

 Created as the armed wing of the Communist Party of

the Philippines.

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Drug Trafficking
 The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration,
dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation,
distribution, importation, exportation, and possession of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical.

United States of America

 The world`s largest market for illegal drugs.

 Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin

 The most heavily abused drugs

 Methamphetamine

 The cause of the fastest-growing drug problem in the

United States.
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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
 The Federal Agency responsible for controlling the
spread of illegal drugs in the United States and abroad.

 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

Created through Republic Act No. 9165
“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”
 Dangerous Drugs Board- the Philippine government
agency mandated to formulate policies, strategies and
programs on drug prevention and control.
 R.A. 9165- it is known as the Philippine Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
 PDEA is under the office of the President and is headed
by a Director General.
 The basic age qualification to become a PDEA drug
enforcement is 21 to 35 years old. 54
Southeast Asian Region

 Considered as a “hot spot” in relation to the drug trade.

 China- leading producer of opium poppy.
 The “Golden Triangle”- manufactures opium and heroin.

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 Regional Initiatives to Address the Drug Trade
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
(ASEAN)
 Continuously pooling their resources to effectively address
drug trafficking.

Drug Trade in the Philippines

 The Philippines is a producer, exporter and consumer of
cannabis plant-based drugs ( marijuana, hashish, et. al).
 The Philippines is an importer and consumer of synthetic
drugs, in particular methamphetamine hydrochloride
(shabu).
 The Philippines is a transit point for the international trade
in heroin and cocaine.
 The Philippines is being used as a recreation place, an
investment and money laundering haven.
56
Money Laundering

 Is the method by which criminals disguise the illegal

origins of their wealth and protect their asset bases.
 The term “money laundering” originated from Mafia
ownership of Laundromats in the United States.
 The first use of the term “money laundering” was during
the Watergate Scandal 1973 in the United States.

57
Stages of Money Laundering
1. Placement

 The first in the washing cycle. The money are

placed into the financial system or retail economy
or are smuggled out of the country.
 The aim is to remove the case from the location of
acquisition.

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2. Layering

 The first attempt at concealment or disguise of

the source of the ownership of the funds by
creating complex layers of financial transactions
designed to disguise the audit trail and provide
anonymity.
 Moving money in and out of the bank account of
bearer through electronic funds transfer.

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3. Integration

 The final stage in the process.

 The money is integrated into the legitimate
economic and financial system and assimilated in
all other assets in the system.

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 Republic Act Number 9160, as amended by
Republic Act number 9194
“ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF 2001”

MONEY LAUNDERING

 Is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity

as herein defined are transacted, thereby making them
appear to have originated from legitimate sources.

61
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL
 Financial intelligence unit in the Philippines that
conducts investigation on suspicious transactions.

What is money laundering and why do people do it?

 Today, enterprise criminals of every sort from drug
traffickers to stock fraudsters to corporate embezzlers
and commodity smugglers, must launder money from
two reasons. The first is that the money trail itself can
become evidence; the second is that the money can be
the target of investigation and seizure.
 The operational principles of money laundering are as
follows: first, moving the funds from direct association
with the crime; second, disguising the trail to foil
pursuit; and, third, making the money available to the
criminal once again with its origin hidden from view.
62
How much money is laundered every year and how
much is recovered by law enforcement.

 Estimates have ranged as high as $300 billion to $500

billion a year. Law enforcement authorities recover
about $500 million in a good year, roughly a quarter of
1 percent.

63
What are the consequences of money laundering
activities for national economies?
 Money laundering undermines international efforts
towards free and competitive markets, and the
development of national economies.
 It distorts the functioning of markets: money laundering
transactions can increase the demand for cash, create
exchange rate volatility and generate unfair competition.
 It damages credibility and therefore the stability of
financial markets: bank collapses related to organized
crime activities can have a domino effect on the financial
system of individual countries or regions.
 Small States are particularly vulnerable to money
laundering. The economic power generated by outlaw
activities provides criminal organizations with leverage
on small economies. The absence of appropriate controls,
or of the capacity to enforce them, provides de facto 64
impunity to criminals.
How effective are the international instruments
governing money laundering?

 The international community is not using all the tools at

its disposal. The 1998 UN convention against illicit
traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
obliges States to make money laundering illegal and
assist investigations. Of the 148 signatories to the
convention, fewer than 30 are fully implementing its
measures.

65
Is there an acceptable right to banking privacy?

 Yes, but acceptable levels of confidentiality must be

clearly defined. Ther are legitimate commercial, legal or
even human rights reasons for confidentiality. However,
the abuse of bank secrecy must be encountered.

66
What role does the Internet have in money
laundering?

 Internet banking is a growing source of worry. It has

already been that fraudulent banking business can be
conducted via the Internet. For example, in one case an
Internet bank was domiciled in an offshore center, the
server was in another country and the operational
management was located in a third.

 When the owners of the bank stole the depositor`s funds,

it was impossible to pursue them through the three
jurisdictions. Their actions were not even considered
illegal in the jurisdiction where the bank was physically
located. 67
What should the international community do?
 The members of the international community have agreed to
comply with the existing international instruments currently
governing money laundering by the year 2003. Of particular
importance is adherence to the provisions of the 1988 United
Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances.
 But the international community needs to continue to
question the way banks are defined. Should they be chartered
by Governments in order to tighten controls? How should they
be regulated? Should we allow companies to be formed in
places where they have no apparent purpose connected with
normal commercial activities, or whose owners may conceal
their identity?
 An emphasis must be placed on systematic reforms, rather
than specific tinkering with the odd regulation. The
harmonization of regulatory regimes covering financial
havens, trusts, shell companies and banks should be a main
goal. 68
What can the UN Global Programme against Money
Laundering (GPML ) do to help?
 Developing countries, and those with economies in
transition, are in particular need of technical assistance
and training. Local law enforcement cannot crack down
on complex financial crimes unless they know the tricks
of the money launderer.

 The UN Global Programme against Money Laundering is

ready to provide expert training, assistance, public
awareness and research tools on the art of financial
investigations, prosecutions, best banking practices and
financial regulations for government, business, law
enforcement and judicial professionals.
69
Human Trafficking

 A crime against humanity.

 R.A. 9208- the Philippine Law that defies and penalizes

human trafficking. Amended by R.A. 10 364.

 It involves an act of recruiting, transporting,

transferring, harbouring or receiving a person through
the use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose
of exploiting them.

70
Elements of Human Trafficking

The Act( What is done)

 Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or
receipt of persons.

The Means (How it is done)

 Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving
payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim.

The purpose (Why it is done)

 For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting
the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced
labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of
organs. 71
Cyber Crimes

 Refers to all activities done with criminal intent in the

cyberspace.
 Crimes committed with the use of Information
Technology, where computer, network, internet is the
target and where the internet is the place of activity.

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Types of Cyber Crimes

1. Hacking- the act of illegally accessing the computer

system/network of an individual, group or business
enterprise without the consent or approval of the owner of
the system.

2. Cracking- a higher form of hacking in which the

unauthorized access culminates with the process of
defeating the security system for the purpose of acquiring
money or information and/or availing of free services.

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3. Malicious Sending of E-MAILS- sending of malicious
and defamatory electronic mails as a medium of extorting
money, or threatening prospective victims.

4. Internet Pornography- trafficking, distribution,

posting and dissemination of obscene material including
children`s nude pictures, indecent exposure and child sex
slavery posted into the internet, live streaming videos
aired through the internet under a certain fee.

5. Launching of Harmful Viruses

6. Website Defacement- the unauthorized modification of

a website.
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 POLICE MODELS
 Country - Canada
 Name: Royal Canadian Mounted Police

 Role - Federal, National & Paramilitary Police

Force
 Size 15 divisions

 Nickname The Mounties

 Motto Maintiens le droit (Defend the law)

 Highest Rank – Commissioner

 Lowest Rank – Gendarme (Constable)

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 Country – JAPAN
 Name – NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (NPA)

 Oversight Agency – NATIONAL PUBLIC

SAFETY COMMISSION (NPSC)
 Local Police – KOBAN SYSTEM – Police box
(Koban)
 Police Rank – 9 divisions

 Highest Rank – Superintendent General

 Lowest Rank – Police Officer

 Military Police - Kempeitai

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 Country – United Kingdom (England & Wales,
Ireland, Scotland)
 Historic Police Mandate – Metropolitan Police Act of
1829 - England
 Robert Peel – Father of Modern Policing

 Lowest Rank- Constable

 Highest Rank – Commissioner

 Four Types of Law Enforcement

1. Territorial Police Forces - regulars

2. Special Police Forces – selected duties

3. Non-Police Law Enforcement Agencies –

auxiliaries
4. Miscellaneous Police Forces – for local activities
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“A true man is a humble man who remains
on the ground even for a success he
achieved.”

-Wilms Port

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1

Thank You
&
God Bless

79