STAINLESS STEEL

By NIKHIL ASOK
1ST YEAR PG
 HISTORY

 By
 Harry Brearly (1912) ,
 F.MBecket
 Benno Strauss
 Edward Maurer.
 It entered Dentistry in 1919
 Introduced at Krupp's Dental Polyclinic in Germany
Introduction

 Steel – Iron + Carbon

 Stainless Steel – Alloy of Iron, Carbon plus
 Chromium
 Nickel
 Manganese
 Sulphur
 Phosphorous
 Molybdenum
Dental Applications

 Orthodontic appliances
 Endodontic instruments (files & reamers)
 Temporary space maintainers
 Prefabricated crowns
 Clinical & lab instruments
 Making

 Melting
 The ingot
 Rolling
 DRAWING
 TYPES

Type Cr. Ni. Carbon

Ferritic 11.5 – 0 0.2 max.
 Ferritic (400 series) [BCC] 27
 Martensitic (400 series) Austenit 16 – 26 7 – 22 0.25
 Austenitic (300 series)
 Duplex (Ferritic + Austenitic)
ic [FCC] max.
Martensi 11.5 – 0-2.5 0.15 -
tic 17 1.20
[BCT]
 Ferritic

 BCC structure
 Microstructure - Same as that of iron at room temperature
 Manufacture of instruments & instruments
 Stable upto 912 degree C
 Property
 Good corrosion Resistance
 Less Strength & hardness
 Not readily work hardenable
 Martensitic

 Surgical and Cutting Instruments

 BCT structure
 Properties
 High yield strength
 High hardness (230 – 600 brinnel hardness)
 Less corrosion resistance
Austenitic

 FCC structure
 Orthodontic stainless Steel wires & bands, endo instruments & pedo crowns
 Types
 302
 304 (less C content)
 316 L – employed for implants
 18% chromium, 8% Nickel and 0.15% carbon – 302 and 304
 Hence 18-8 stainless Steel
 Most corrosion resistant
 Greater ductility
 Ease of welding
 Ability to overcome sensitisation
 PROPERTIES

 PASSIVATION
 Resitance to tarnish and corrosion
 Cr2O3 – layer – barrier to diffusion of corrosive product
 SENSITIZATION
 Austenitic SS – heated b/w 400 – 900 degree Celcius
 Lose resistance to corrosion
 Precipitaion of Chromium carbide at grain boundaries

 STABILISATION
 Methods to minimize sensitization
 Addition of Titanium, Columbium, Molybdenum
 Heat Treatment

 Process of subjecting a metal to given controlled heat followed by sudden or

gradual cooling to develop desired qualities in metal. Are of 2 types-

– Softening heat treatment-annealing

– Hardening heat treatment –tempering
 Effect of cold working like low ductility & distorted grains can be reversed by
heat treatment called annealing
Annealing
IDEAL PROPERTIES OF ARCHWIRE

• Spring back
• Maximum elastic deflection
• Stiffness
• Force delivered by appliance
• Formability
• Ability to bend wire into desired config. without fracture
• Joinability
• Corrosion resistance
• Ductile
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

 Elastic Modules – 179 GPa

 Yield Strength – 1.6 GPa
 Tensile Strength – 2.1 Gpa
 No. of 90 degree bends without fracture : 5
Advantages

 Low Cost
 Biocompatiblity
 Excellent formability for fabrication
 Can be soldered and Welded
Disadvantages

 High force delivery

 Relatively low spring back
 Susceptible for corrosion after heating
 Soldering, Welding, Fluxes

 Soldering
 2 metals joined by 3rd one below 425 degree C
 Silver solders used
 Welding
 2 pieces of metal joined directly
 Flat structures such as band and brackets are usually joined by spot welding
 Large electric current forced by electrodes flow on the overlapped metals
 Fluxes
 Potassium Flouride
 Dissolve passivating film supplied by Cr.
 NiTi ALLOYS

 By Buehler
 Was working in Naval Ordinance Lab. (NOL) - Nitinol
 Used extensively as
 arch wires in fixed orthodontics
 endo instruments
 Available as
 Springs
 Formed arch wires
 Commercially available in
 Martensitic (M-NiTi)
 Austenitic (A-NiTi)
 Composition

 55% Nickel
 45%Titanium
 1.6% Cobalt
 Other additions
 Copper – Improves thermal pptys
 Iron
 Cr
 Properties

 2 crystallographic forms
 BCC (austenite)
 Hexagonal (martensitic)
 High temp – stable bcc
 Cooling/Application of stress
 Austenite -> Martensitic
 Results In SHAPE MEMORY & SUPER ELASTICITY
 SHAPE MEMORY

 Ability of material to remember the original shape after being plastically

deform
 Achieved by
 Shape achieved at high temp.
 Archwire then cooled and 2nd shape formed
 Heat – Lower transition temperature (mouth temp.) – returns to original shape
 SUPERELSTICITY

 Stress causes Volume change in crystal lattice – causes

 Transition of austenite to matensite
 Upto a certain point – stress propotional to strain
 AT a stress which causes phase transformation :
 INCREASE IN STRAIN – refers to SUPERELASTICITY
 Density – 6.5 gm/cm3
 Melting range – 1240 to 1310 degree C
 Large elastic deflections
 Low stiffness
 Moderately High strength
Comparison Of Different Materials
THANK YOU