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CHAPTER 4:
OFFICIAL ACTORS AND THEIR ROLES
From Thomas A. Birkland, An Introduction to the Policy
1
Process, 3rd ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Overview
• Understand the difference between official
and unofficial actors
• Understand official and unofficial actors in the
policy process
• Prepare to understand the role of interest
groups and power in policy making
The Constitution
and the People
(really?)
Coalition 1 Coalition 2
Groups Groups
Experts Experts
Parties Parties
2,000
1,000
0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
estimate
40
30
20
10
0
1940 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000 2012
estimate
Figure 4.3: Federal Government Outlays as
Percentage of GDP, 1940-2014
From Thomas A. Birkland, An Introduction to the Policy
27
Process, 3rd ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Constant (2000) dollars
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1940 1948 1956 1964 1972 1980 1988 1996 2004 2012
Figure 4.4: Federal Government Outlays Per Capita,
Constant Dollars, 1940 to 2014
From Thomas A. Birkland, An Introduction to the Policy
28
Process, 3rd ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Thousands
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1982 1992 2000 2002 2004 2006
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009
200
150
100
Employment
50
0
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009