Dja3032 - Chapter 2-1

(DJA3032) INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
CHAPTER 2: PISTON ENGINE PROCESS

ANALYSIS
by
MOHD SAHRIL BIN MOHD FOUZI, Grad. IEM (G 27763)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

General objective:
To understand the structure and various types of cycle engines.
Specific objectives:
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
 define the air standard cycle.
 define constant pressure (cp) and constant volume (cv).
 draw p-v diagram of Otto cycle, Diesel cycle and Combined cycle.
 explain Otto cycle, Diesel cycle and Combine/dual cycle.

Introduction :
In this unit we are to discuss the meaning of standard cycle, heat supplied at constant
volume and heat supplied at constant pressure. An internal combustion engine can be
classified into three different cycles and they are Otto cycle, Diesel cycle and Dual-
combustion cycle.
Qin
Pressure (P) Pressure, P
3
P3 pv  cons tan t
pv  cons tan t 2 3
Qin P2 =
P3
P2 2
4
4
P4 P4
Qout Qout
P1 1
P1
1
Volume ( v )
V Volume
V2 V1 V2 V3 V1=
V4
Figure 2.1: P-V Diagram (Otto Cycle) Figure 2.2: P-V Diagram (Diesel Cycle)

P Qin
3
P3=p4 4
Qin
p.v   conts
5
Qout
1
V
V2=V3 V1=V5
Figure 2.3: P-V Diagram (Dual/Combined Cycle)

Air Standard Cycles
The air standard cycle is a cycle followed by a heat engine which uses air as the
working medium. Since the air standard analysis is the simplest and most idealistic,
such cycles are also called ideal cycles and the engine running on such cycles are
called ideal engines.
In order that the analysis is made as simple as possible, certain assumptions have
to be made.
These assumptions result in an analysis that is far from correct for most actual
combustion engine processes, but the analysis is of considerable value for indicating
the upper limit of performance.
The analysis is also a simple means for indicating the relative effects of principal
variables of the cycle and the relative size of the apparatus.

Assumptions:
1. The working medium is a perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular
weight corresponding to values at room temperature.
2. No chemical reactions occur during the cycle. The heat addition and heat rejection
processes are merely heat transfer processes.
3. The processes are reversible.
4. Losses by heat transfer from the apparatus to the atmosphere are assumed to be zero
in this analysis.
5. The working medium at the end of the process (cycle) is unchanged and is at the
same condition as at the beginning of the process (cycle).

T-S Diagram
Figure 2.4: T-S Diagram Figure 2.5: T-S Diagram Figure 2.6: T-S Diagram
for Otto Cycle for Diesel Cycle for Combined/Dual Cycle

Compression ratio
To give direct comparison with an actual engine the ratio of specific volume, v 1 / v2, is
taken to be the same as the compression ratio of the actual engine,
v1 sweptvolum e  clearencev olume
Compression ratio, rv = =
v2 clearencev olume
Pressure (P) 3
P3
pv  cons tan t
Clearance
volume
Clearance P2 2
volume 4
P4 TDC
Swept
volume
P1
1
BDC
Volume ( v )
V2 V1
Minimum Swept Maximum
volume volume volume
Figure 2.7: P-V Diagram for Otto Cycle Figure 2.8: Animated 4 Stroke Engine
Example 2.1
An Otto cycle in a petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 55mm, a stroke of 80mm, and a
clearance volume of 23.3 cm3 is given. Find the compression ratio of this engine.
Solution:
Cylinder bore, B = 55mm = 5.5 cm

Abstract the data from the question.
Stroke, S = 80mm = 8.0 cm Convert the data into centimetre unit.
Clearance Volume = 23.3 cm 3

swept volume = x B² x S Compression ratio, rv = v1
4 v2

= x (5.5)² x 8 = sweptvolum e  clearencev olume
4
clearencev olume
= 190.07 cm 3
= (190.07 + 23.3) cm
3
23.3 cm 3
= 9.16

Self-Exercise
Exercise 2.1
A petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 73 mm, a stroke of 95 mm, and a clearance volume of 26.3
cm 3 is given. Find the compression ratio of this engine.
[Ans: 16.12]
Exercise 2.2
An air engine is operated with cylinder bore 65 mm with the stroke of 73 mm. The clearance
volume for this engine is 1/10 of swept volume. Calculate the compression ratio for this air engine.
[Ans: 11.00]
Exercise 2.3
Given compression ratio for a petrol engine is 10.5.The cylinder bore and stroke length for this
engine are 69 mm and 83 mm. Calculate the clearance volume for this engine.
[Ans: 32.66 cm3 ]
Exercise 2.4
An otto cycle engine with compression ratio 9.5 operating with clearrance volume 23.45 cm 3. The
stroke length for this engine is 83 mm, find the cylinder bore for this engine.
[Ans: 5.53 cm]

Otto Cycle Analysis

Otto Cycle Process:
Pressure (P) 3
P3
1 to 2 is isentropic compression with
Qin compression ratio v1 / v2, or rv .
2
P2
4 2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating,
P4 the heat supplied Q1
Qout
P1
3 to 4 is isentropic expansion, v4 /v3 is
1
Volume ( v )
similar to v1 /v2.
V2 V1
Figure 2.9: P-V Diagram for Otto Cycle 4 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling,
the heat rejected Q2.
Formula to find the thermal efficiency for Otto Cycle

 
P1V1 = P2V2 Qin, Q1 = Cv(T3 ─ T2 )
 = 1-
Qout, Q2
 1  1 Qin, Q1
T1V1 = T2V2 Qout, Q2 = Cv(T4 ─ T1 )

Example 2.2
One petrol engine is working at a constant volume, the compression ratio is 8.5:1.
Pressure and temperature at a beginning compression process is 101 kN/m 2 and 840 C.
Temperature at the beginning of an expand process is14960 C. Calculate the temperature
and pressure at the important points based on the Otto cycle.
Solution:
Pressure (P) 3 V1 V4
P3 
pv  cons tan t
rv   = 8.5
V2 V3
Qin
2
*T1 = 84°C + 273K = 357 K
P2
4
P1 = 101 kN/m²
P4
Qout *T3 = 1496°C + 273K = 1769 K
P1
1
Volume ( v ) * Temperature must be convert into Kelvin
V2 V1
P-V Diagram for Otto Cycle

Point 2 (1 to 2 is isentropic compression )
   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
V2 T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
1.4 0.4
P2 = [8.5] x 101 kN / m² T2 = [8.5] x 357 K
P2 = 2020.73 kN / m² T2 = 840.30 K
Point 3 (2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating )
Constant P2V2 = P3V3 P3 = T3 x P2

T2 T3 T2
volume
P3 = 1769 x 2020.73 kN / m²
840.30
P3 = 4254.04 kN / m²

Point 4 (3 to 4 is isentropic expansion )

   1  1
P3V3 = P4V4 T3V3 = T4V4
 1
P4 = [ V3 ] x P3
T4 = [ V4 ]
V3
V4 x T3
1.4 0.4
P4 = [
1
] x 4254.04 kN / m² T4 = [ 1 ] x 1769 K
8.5 8.5
P4 = 212.63 kN / m² T4 = 751.55 K
Qin, Q1 = Cv (T3 ─ T2 ) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x ( 1769 K – 840.30 K)

Qin, Q1 = 666.81 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = Cv (T4 ─ T1 ) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x ( 751.55 K – 357 K)
Qout, Q2 = 283.29 kJ/kg

Exercise 2.5
A four cylinder engine operates in Otto cycle, the volume is constant and the
compression ratio is 9:1, beginning pressure is 105 KN/m2 , temperature is 83 ° C and
final temperature is 1520 °C. Draw a p-v diagram and find the temperature and
pressure for each point. Lastly calculate the efficiency of Otto cycle.
Exercise 2.6
One petrol engine is working at a constant volume, the compression ratio is 8.5:1.
Pressure and temperature at a beginning compression process is 101 kN/m 2 and 84 0C.
Temperature at the beginning of an expand process is14960 C.
Calculate the temperature and pressure at the important points based on the Otto cycle.
Hence, calculate thermal efficiency for this engine.

Solution for Exercise 2.5 Pressure (P) 3

P3
V V4 Qin
rv  1  = 9
V2 V3 P2 2
4
T1 = 83°C + 273K = 356 K P4
P1 = 105 kN/m² Qout

P1
1
T3 = 1520°C + 273K = 1793 K Volume ( v )
V2 V1
P-V Diagram for Otto Cycle
   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
V2
1.4 0.4
P2 = [9] x 105 kN / m² T2 = [9] x 356 K
P2 = 2275.77 kN / m² T2 = 857.33 K

Solution for Exercise 2.5

T2 T3 T2
volume
P3 = 1793 x 2275.77 kN / m²
857.33
P3 = 4759.49 kN / m²

   1  1
P3V3 = P4V4 T3V3 = T4V4
 1
P4 = [ V3 ] x P3 V3
V4 T4 = [ V4 ] x T3
1.4 0.4
1
P4 = [ ] 1
9 x 4759.49 kN / m² T4 = [ ] x 1793 K
9
P4 = 219.59 kN / m² T4 = 744.53 K

Qin, Q1 = Cv (T3 ─ T2 ) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x ( 1793 K – 857.33 K)

Qin, Q1 = 671.81 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = 278.96 kJ/kg
Thermal Efficiecy for Otto Cycle
th, Otto = 1-
Qout, Q2
= 1 - 278.96 kJ.K/kg = 0.585 @ 58.5 %
Qin, Q1 671.81 kJ.K/kg

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Diesel Cycle Process:
Qin
Pressure, P
compression ratio v1 / v2, or rv .
P2 = P3
2 3 2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure
heating, the heat supplied Q1, v3 / v2, cut off
4 ratio, rc
P4
Qout 3 to 4 is isentropic expansion,
P1 1
4 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling,
V2 V3 V1= V4
V Volume the heat rejected Q2.
Figure 2.10: P-V Diagram for Diesel Cycle

Formula to find the thermal efficiency for Diesel Cycle
Point 1
Get the data from the question.

 
P1V1 = P2V2 To get pressure
 1  1
T1V1 = T2V2 To get temperature (Kelvin)
Point 3 (2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure heating )
Constant P2V2 = P3V3 V3 = T 3 = rc

T2 T3 V2 T2
pressure

Qin
Point 4 (3 to 4 is isentropic expansion ) Pressure, P
  pv   cons tan t
2 3
P3V3 = P4V4 P2 = P3

P4 = [ V3 ] x P3 1
V4
4
P4
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] Qout
P1 1
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 2
V Volume
V2 V3 V1= V4
Put 2 into 1

r
P4 = [ ] x
c P3
rv
 1  1
T3V3 = T4V4
 1
T4 = [ V3 ] x T3 3
V4
Qin
Pressure, P
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 2 3
pv   cons tan t
P2 = P3
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 4
4
P4
Put 4 into 3 Qout
 1 P1 1
T4 = [ r c ] x T3
rv V2 V3 V1= V4
V Volume
Qin, Q1 = Cp(T3 ─ T2 )
 th, Diesel = 1-
Qout, Q2 Thermal
Qout, Q2 = Cv(T4 ─ T1 ) Qin, Q1 Efficiency

Example 2.3
Diesel engine has an inlet temperature and a pressure at 15°C and 1 bar respectively.
The compression ratio is 12/ 1 and the maximum cycle temperature is 1100°C.
Calculate the air standard thermal efficiency based on the diesel cycle.
Solution
rv = 12
T1 = 15°C + 273K = 288 K

P1 = 1 bar
T3 = 1100°C + 273K = 1373 K


   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
V2
1.4 0.4
P2 = [12] x 1 bar T2 = [12] x 288 K
P2 = 32.42 bar T2 = 778.15 K
Constant P2V2 = P3V3 V3 = T3 = rc = 1373 K = 1.764

T2 T3 V2 T2 778.15 K
pressure


 
P3V3 = P4V4 Put 2 into 1

P4 = [ V3 ] x P3 
V4 1 r
P4 = [ ] x
c P3
rv
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 1.4
P4 = [ 1.764 ] x 32.42 bar
12
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 2 P4 = 2.21 bar
 1  1
T3V3 = T4V4 Put 4 into 3
 1
 1
T4 = [ V3 ] x T3 3
T4 = [ r c
rv ]
V4 x T3
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 0.4
T4 = [ 1.764 ] x 1373 K
12
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 4
T4 = 637.67 K
Thermal Efficiecy for Diesel Cycle
Qin, Q1 = Cp (T3 ─ T2 ) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K x ( 1373 K – 778.15 K)

Qin, Q1 = 597.82 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = 251.06 kJ/kg
th, Diesel = 1-
Qout, Q2
= 1 - 251.06 kJ/kg = 0.580 @ 58 %
Qin, Q1 597.82 kJ/kg

Exercise 2.7
One engine operates in diesel cycle, the beginning temperature is 18 °C, and pressure
is 1 bar. The compression ratio is 14:1 , maximun temperature is 1320°C. Given cp =
1.005 KJ/kg.K, R=287 KJ/kg.K. Calculate the temperature and r c and mechanical
efficiency.
Exercise 2.8
A diesel cycle’s engine running with the beginning of compression process temperature
17 °C and pressure 1.1 bar. The compression ratio for this engine is 13.5 and the
temperature for beginning expansion process is 1290 °C. Calculate thermal efficiency
for this diesel cycle engine.
Exercise 2.9
An engine was operated with diesel cycle process with the beginning temperature and
pressure at 16.8 °C and 1.05 bar. The compression ratio for this engine is 12.5 and cut of
ratio for this engine is 1.75. Calculate thermal efficiency for this engine.


rv = 14
T1 = 18°C + 273K = 291 K

P1 = 1 bar
T3 = 1320 °C + 273K = 1593 K
   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
V2
1.4 0.4
P2 = [14] x 1 bar T2 = [14] x 291 K
P2 = 40.23 bar T2 = 836.27 K


T2 T3 V2 T2 836.27 K
pressure

 

P4 = [ V3 ] x P3 
V4 1 r
P4 = [ ] x
c P3
rv
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 1.4
P4 = [ 1.905 ] x 40.23 bar
14
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 2
P4 = 2.47 bar


 1  1
 1  1
T 4 = [ V3 ]
T 4 = [ rc
x T3 3
V4
rv ] x T3
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 0.4
T4 = [ 1.905 ] x 1593 K
14
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 4
T4 = 717.34 K

Qin, Q1 = 760.51 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = 306.11 kJ/kg
th, Diesel = 1-
Qout, Q2
= 1 - 306.11 kJ/kg = 0.597 @ 59.7%

rv = 13.5
T1 = 17°C + 273K = 290 K

P1 = 1.1 bar
T3 = 1290 °C + 273K = 1563 K
   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
V2
1.4 0.4
P2 = [13.5] x 1.1 bar T2 = [13.5] x 291 K
P2 = 42.06 bar T2 = 821.36 K


T2 T3 V2 T2 821.36 K
pressure

 

P4 = [ V3 ] x P3 
V4 1 r
P4 = [ ] x
c P3
rv
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 1.4
P4 = [ 1.903 ] x 40.23 bar
13.5
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 2
P4 = 2.71 bar


 1  1
 1  1
T 4 = [ V3 ]
T 4 = [ rc
x T3 3
V4
rv ] x T3
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 0.4
T4 = [ 1.903 ] x 1563 K
13.5
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 4
T4 = 713.84 K

Qin, Q1 = 745.35 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = 304.32 kJ/kg
th, Diesel = 1-
Qout, Q2
= 1 - 304.32 kJ/kg = 0.592 @ 59.2%

rv = 12.5
rc = 1.75
T1 = 16.8°C + 273K = 289.8 K
P1 = 1.05 bar
   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
V2
1.4 0.4
P2 = [12.5] x 1.05 bar T2 = [12.5] x 289.8 K
P2 = 36.05 bar T2 = 795.91 K

Constant P2V2 = P3V3 V3 = T3 = rc = T3 = 1.75

T2 T3 V2 T2 795.91 K
pressure
T3 = 1392.84 K

 

P4 = [ V3 ] x P3 
V4 1 r
P4 = [ ] x
c P3
rv
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 1.4
P4 = [ 1.75 ] x 36.05 bar
12.5
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 2
P4 = 2.30 bar


 1  1
 1  1
T 4 = [ V3 ]
T 4 = [ rc
x T3 3
V4
rv ] x T3
[ VV34 ] = [ VV32 ] x [ VV21 ] 0.4
T4 = [ 1.75 ] x 1392.84 K
12.5
[ VV34 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 4
T4 = 634.38 K
Qin, Q1 = Cp (T3 ─ T2 ) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K x ( 1392.84 K – 795.91 K)

Qin, Q1 = 599.91 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = Cv (T4 ─ T1 ) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x ( 634.38 K – 289.8 K)
Qout, Q2 = 247.41 kJ/kg
th, Diesel = 1-
Qout, Q2
= 1 - 247.41 kJ/kg = 0.588 @ 58.8 %
Dual/Combined Cycle Analysis

Dual/Combined Cycle Process:
P Qin compression ratio v1 / v2, or rv ,
2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating,
P3=P4 3 4 the heat supplied Q1
Qin 3 to 4 is reversible constant pressure
p.v   conts
heating, the heat supplied Q1, v4/ v3, cut off
2
ratio, rc
5
Qout 4 to 5 is isentropic expansion,
1 5 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling,
V the heat rejected Q2.
V2=V3 V1=V5
Figure 2.11: P-V Diagram for Dual/Combined Cycle

Formula to find the thermal efficiency for Dual/Combined Cycle
Point 1
Get the data from the question.

 
P1V1 = P2V2 To get pressure
 1  1
T1V1 = T2V2 To get temperature (Kelvin)

T2 T3 T2
volume
T3 = P3 x T2
P2

Assume the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant
pressure;
cv(T3 – T2 ) = cp (T4 – T3 )
T4 = cv(T3 – T2 ) + cp. (T3)

cp
Constant P3V3 = P4V4 V4 = T 4 = rc

T3 T4 V3 T3
pressure

P Qin
  P3=P4 3 4
P4V4 = P5V5
Qin
 p.v   conts
P5 = [ V4 ] x P4 1
V5 2
[ VV45 ] = [ VV43 ] x [ VV21 ] 5
Qout
[ VV45 ] = 1
[ rc ] x [ rv ] 2
1
V
Put 2 into 1 V2=V3 V1=V5

r
P5 = [ ] x
c P4
rv

 1  1 P Qin
T4V4 = T5V5
 1
T 5 = [ V4 ] x T4 3 P3=P4 3 4
V5
Qin
[ VV45 ] = [ VV43 ] x [ VV21 ] p.v   conts
2
[ VV45 ] = [ rc ] [ rv ]
x 1
4
5
Put 4 into 3 Qout
 1 1
T 5 = [ rc
rv ] x T4
V2=V3 V1=V5
V
Qin, Q1 = Cv(T3 ─ T2 ) + Cp(T4 ─ T3 )  th, Dual = 1-

Qout, Q2 Thermal
Qin, Q1 Efficiency
Qout, Q2 = Cv(T5 ─ T1 )

Example 2.4
An oil engine takes in air at 1.01 bar, 200C and the maximum cycle pressure is 69 bar.
The compression ratio is 18/1. Draw the p-v diagram and calculate the air standard
thermal efficiency based on the dual combustion cycle. Assume that the heat added at
constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant pressure.
Solution
rv = 18
T1 = 20°C + 273K = 293 K

P1 = 1.01 bar
P3 = 69 bar


   1  1
P1V1 = P2V2 T1V1 = T2V2
  1
P2 = [ V1 ] x P1 V1
T2 = [ V2 ] x T1
V2
1.4 0.4
P2 = [18] x 1.01 bar T2 = [18] x 293 K
P2 = 57.77 bar T2 = 931.06 K

T2 T3 T2
volume
T3 = P3 x T2
P2
T3 = 69 bar x 931.06 K
57.77 bar
T3 = 1112.05 K

Assume the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant
pressure;
cv(T3 – T2 ) = cp (T4 – T3 )
T4 = cv(T3 – T2 ) + cp. (T3)

cp
0.718 kJ/kg.K (1112.05 K – 931.06 K) + 1.005 kJ/kg.K(1112.05 K)
T4 =
1.005 kJ/kg.K
T4 = 1241.30 K
Constant P3V3 = P4V4 V4 = T4 = rc

T3 T4 V3 T3
pressure
1241.30 K
rc =
1112.05 K
rc = 1.116


  Put 2 into 1
P4V4 = P5V5
 
P5 = [ V4 ] x P4 1 r
P5 = [ ] x
c P4
V5 rv
[ VV45 ] = [ VV43 ] x [ VV21 ] 1.4
P5 = [ 1.116 ] x 69 bar
18
[ VV45 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 2 P5 = 1.41 bar
 1  1
 1
T 5 = [ V4 ] x T4 3  1
V5 T 5 = [ rc
rv ] x T4
[ VV45 ] = [ VV43 ] x [ VV21 ] 0.4
T5 = [ 1.116 ] x 1241.30 K
18
[ VV45 ] = [ rc ] x [ r1v ] 4
T5 = 408.16 K
Thermal Efficiecy for Dual/Combined Cycle
Qin, Q1 = Cv(T3 ─ T2 ) + Cp(T4 ─ T3 )

Qin, Q1 = 0.718 kJ/kg.K(1112.05 K ─ 931.06 K ) + 1.005 kJ/kg.K (1241.30 K ─1112.05 K)
Qin, Q1 = 259.85 kJ/kg
Qout, Q2 = Cv (T5 ─ T1 )
Qout, Q2 = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x (408.16 K– 293 K)
Qout, Q2 = 82.68 kJ/kg
th, Dual = 1-
Qout, Q2
= 1 - 82.68 kJ/kg = 0.682 @ 68.2 %

Self –Assessment
Exercise 2.10
The pressure and temperature of air standard dual combustion cycle are given below,
i. T1 = 290 K
ii. P1 = 1.01 bar
iii. T2 = 871.1K
iv. T3 = 1087.5 K
v. T4 = 1236.3 K
vi. T5 = 429.3 K
and ratio of compression is 16:1. Calculate the thermal efficiency for this dual cycle
engine.
Exercise 2.11
In a dual combustion cycle, the maximum pressure is 64 bar. Calculate the thermal
efficiency when the pressure and temperature at the start of the compression are 1.01 bar
and 18 0 C respectively. The compression ratio is 17/1.

Exercise 2.12
In a dual combustion cycle, the maximum pressure is 62 bar. Calculate the thermal
efficiency when the pressure and temperature at the start of the compression are 1.01 bar
and 16.7 °C respectively. The compression ratio is 17.7.
Exercise 2.13
In a combine cycle, the maximum pressure is 67 bar. Calculate the thermal efficiency
when the pressure and temperature at the start of the compression are 1.03 bar and 17 °C
respectively. The compression ratio is 16.9.
Exercise 2.14
An engine is operating in dual combustion cycle, the maximum pressure is 66 bar.
Calculate the thermal efficiency for this engine when the pressure and temperature at the
beginning of the compression process are 1.03 bar and 20.3 °C respectively. The
compression ratio for this engine is 17.9.

Answer for Exercise 2.11

T1 = 291 K T2 = 903.80 K T3 = 1084.68 K T4 = 1213.91 K T5 = 408.85 K
P1 = 1.01 bar P2 = 53.33 bar P3 = 64 bar P4 = 64 bar P5 = 1.42 bar
rc = 1.119
Qin = 259.75 kJ/kg
Qout = 84.61 kJ/kg
ɳth, dual = 0.674 @ 67.4 %

T1 = 289.7 K T2 = 914.40 K T3 = 1004.72 K T4 = 1069.25 K T5 = 347.30 K
rc = 1.064
Qin = 129.70 kJ/kg
Qout = 41.35 kJ/kg
ɳth, dual = 0.681 @ 68.1 %


T1 = 290 K T2 = 898.57 K T3 = 1116.22 K T4 = 1271.71 K T5 = 432.40 K
rc = 1.139
Qin = 312.54 kJ/kg
Qout = 102.25 kJ/kg
ɳth, dual = 0.673 @ 67.3 %

T1 = 293.3 K T2 = 929.94 K T3 = 1049.94 K T4 = 1135.68 K T5 = 369.62 K
rc = 1.082
Qin = 172.33 kJ/kg
Qout = 54.79 kJ/kg
ɳth, dual = 0.682 @ 68.2 %


Dja3032 - Chapter 2-1

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Dja3032 - Chapter 2-1

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(DJA3032) INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

CHAPTER 2: PISTON ENGINE PROCESS

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Air Standard Cycles

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© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Cylinder bore, B = 55mm = 5.5 cm

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© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Otto Cycle Analysis

Formula to find the thermal efficiency for Otto Cycle

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© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Point 2 (1 to 2 is isentropic compression )

Point 3 (2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating )

Constant P2V2 = P3V3 P3 = T3 x P2

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Point 4 (3 to 4 is isentropic expansion )

Qin, Q1 = Cv (T3 ─ T2 ) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x ( 1769 K – 840.30 K)

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Solution for Exercise 2.5 Pressure (P) 3

P1 = 105 kN/m² Qout

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Solution for Exercise 2.5

Point 3 (2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating )

Constant P2V2 = P3V3 P3 = T3 x P2

Point 4 (3 to 4 is isentropic expansion )

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Solution for Exercise 2.5

Qin, Q1 = Cv (T3 ─ T2 ) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K x ( 1793 K – 857.33 K)

Thermal Efficiecy for Otto Cycle

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Diesel Cycle Analysis

Figure 2.10: P-V Diagram for Diesel Cycle

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Formula to find the thermal efficiency for Diesel Cycle

Point 2 (1 to 2 is isentropic compression )

Point 3 (2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure heating )

Constant P2V2 = P3V3 V3 = T 3 = rc

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© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

T1 = 15°C + 273K = 288 K

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Point 2 (1 to 2 is isentropic compression )

P2 = 32.42 bar T2 = 778.15 K

Point 3 (2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure heating )

Constant P2V2 = P3V3 V3 = T3 = rc = 1373 K = 1.764

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Point 4 (3 to 4 is isentropic expansion )

Thermal Efficiecy for Diesel Cycle

Qin, Q1 = Cp (T3 ─ T2 ) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K x ( 1373 K – 778.15 K)

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

© MSF @ POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

Solution for Exercise 2.7

T1 = 18°C + 273K = 291 K

Point 2 (1 to 2 is isentropic compression )

P2 = 40.23 bar T2 = 836.27 K

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Solution for Exercise 2.7