STID1103 Computer Applications in Management

Graphic Design

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Table of Contents

• Introduction to graphics
• Importance of graphics applications in
management
• Graphic category
• Standard / Graphic Format
• Graphic design methods
• Graphic evaluation

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Introduction
Graphics - matters concerning the drawing
or carving (Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka)

The use of visuals Sources of information

delivery efficient &
to explain the
concept of hard-
B C easily accepted by
described by text Graphics human

Computer graphics, any Simple images like a circle

image produced by D E to the complex shape such
computer as fractal

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Introduction

• Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, (such as a

wall, canvas, computer screen, paper) to inform, illustrate, or
entertain.
• Examples are photographs, drawings, line art, graphs,
diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs,
maps, engineering drawings, or other images.
• Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color.
Image/Picture vs. Drawing

• Image/Picture
– An artifact that resembles a physical object or person.
– Pictures are graphics that you bring into your document
from an outside source;
• Drawing
– A form of visual expression.
– a visual art that makes use of any number of drawing
instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium.
– Drawings are ones that you create within your document.

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Introduction (cont…)
• Normal term of graphic: Any picture or drawing object including
engraving object.
• Also about the use of visual to explain concept (sometime difficult
to explain with text)
• Efficient Information delivery resource and accepted by people
• Computer Graphic ~ graphics created using computers and, more
generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a
computer.
• From simple image to complex (fractal) image.
• Fractal ~ a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split
into parts.
Example of computer graphic

Photographs
~ an image created
by collecting an
array of photons
onto light-sensitive
paper.
~ Most photographs
are created using a
camera, which uses
a lens to focus the
scene's visible
wavelengths of light
into a reproduction
of what the human
eye would see.
Example Graphics

Fractal
The basic form

Logo Icosahedron

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Fractal

• A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that

can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size
copy of the whole.

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Logo

• A logo is a graphic mark or emblem

commonly used by commercial
enterprises, organizations and even
individuals to aid and promote instant
public recognition.

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Icosahedrons

• A regular polyhedron with 20 identical equilateral

triangular faces, 30 edges and 12 vertices.

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Example of computer graphic

Drawings / Line Art Graphs

Line Art

• Any image that consists of distinct straight and curved

lines placed against a (usually plain) background,
without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to
represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional
objects.

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Typography

• Typography is the art and technique of

arranging type, type design, and modifying type
glyphs.
• Type glyphs are created and modified using a
variety of illustration techniques.
• The arrangement of type involves the selection
of typefaces, point size, line length, line spacing,
adjusting the spaces between groups of letters
tracking and adjusting the space between pairs
of letters.
 Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors,
typographers, graphic designers, art directors, comic book artists,
graffiti artists, and clerical workers.
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Graphs

• A graphic such as a chart or diagram depicting the

relationship between two or more variables used, for
instance, in visualizing scientific data.

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Example of computer graphic

maps
Map

• A visual, often 2-dimensional,

representation of a space — e.g. as a
navigational aid.
• A visual representation of an area—a
symbolic depiction highlighting
relationships between elements of
that space such as objects, regions,
and themes.

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Computer Graphics Applications

Computer graphics industry is growing

rapidly due to its ability to help
improve productivity

Graphics Construction of model

cars, electronic circuitry,
engineering drawing
Project management, publishing,
business, broadcasting,
architecture, aerospace,
automotive, engineering, etc.

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Computer Graphic Application
• The development of computer graphics, has made computers easier to
interact with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types
of data.
• Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on
many types of media and have revolutionized animation, movies and the
video game industry.
• Computer based graphic industry growth in positive trend : Ability to
help in work productivity.
• Uses in Project Management, Publication, Business, aerospace,
automotive
• E.g: Car model development, Electronic circuit and engineering drawing.
Animation

• The rapid display of a sequence of images of

2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in
order to create an illusion of movement.
• The effect is an optical illusion of motion due
to the phenomenon of persistence of vision,
and can be created and demonstrated in
Six frames of picture
several ways. showing a red ball.
• The most common method of presenting
animation is as a motion picture or video
program.
 The bouncing ball animation
consists of those six frames
 This animation moves at 10
frames per second.
Animation
Video

OR

UUM
Straight lines or not?
How many black dots?
The Important of Graphic Application in
Management
Importance of Graphics Applications in
Management

Delivery information more attractive

clear, accurate, consistent and
effectively than with text
Graphics are
used to focus on an
Examples of the use of information
such advertising, conference
papers, and company reports

Increase performance and simplify

management, and savings in time
and cost effective

“A picture is worth than a thousand words” - Frederick R. Barnard

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Category Graphics

Graphics

Vector-based Bitmap - an image

images of objects represented by
represented in pixels arranged in
the geometric a matrix

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Vector image

• It is the image of drawings (draw-type images) / image-based

objects (object oriented images).
• It is represented in the form of geometric (mathematics
instruction) constructed from straight lines, ovals, curves, circles,
etc..
• For example, a rectangle can be represented with the following
command
– Line startcoord = "x.0 y.0"
– Endcoord = "x.20 y.20" thikness = "3"
• When a line is built, implemented a set of instructions to explain
the position, size, and shape of the image.

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Vector images - Example

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Advantages of Vector Images

1 2 3
The ability to resize Smaller storage size Easy to do
and rotate a graphic needed because
alterations to the
without disturbing only instructions
stored eg computer image
image quality
sketch line (x1, y1,
x2, y2)

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Vector Image weakness

1 2 3

Produced by The complex Expertise

computer so object make the required to draw
less/not realistic image instruction a high-quality
processing slower vector images
and have larger
file sizes.

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Using Vector Image

Store computer files in clip art form for marketing

purposes.

Graphic designing and

multimedia-based
Technical areas such as support software such
CAD / CAM, scientific 3 as Macromedia
modeling, architecture, 2 freehand vector
represents the graphics, Adobe
architectural style, etc. Illustrator & Autocad

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Bitmap images

Also known as raster images

A
Bitmap represents an
Representing images image with
in the form of an array information arranged in
of dots known as B C a simple matrix that
pixels or bits describes each pixel
Bitmap that exist

technically characterized
Stored with a color depth
by the width and height of
D E of 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, or
the image in pixels and
by the number of bits per 64 bits per pixel.
pixel

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Method Produces Image Bitmap

• There are three main methods to produce an image of

type bitmap
– Using computer-based drawing program (eg Microsoft
paint).
– Image capture computer screen (Screen capture).
– Computer scanner, digital camera or video card
• Among the graphics software that can be used to modify
or change a bitmap image is Adobe Photoshop, Painter,
PrintShop Artist.

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Resolution Color Image Bitmap

Resolution for bitmap images is

determined by the dimensions of the
image vertically and horizontally - 4:3
Bitmap image color depth
is determined by the
amount of memory per
pixel (VRAM)
The higher the value the
better the pixels of an
image clear

4 bits = 2 4 equals 16 colors, 24 bits =

2 24 to 16 million colors closer to real life
colors

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Advantages and Disadvantages Bitmap

Real image display can be High degree of modification

done 2
depends on the depth of an
1
image

The file size is Memory is a high

quite large
3 Bitmap 4

The process to change the Anti-aliasing jagged improve

size or scale of the image the image by adding the
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to produce an image jagged
blurred and jagged
"jaggies". (Aliasing effects)
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Image graphic exchange

• Vector image can be change to bitmap image by

using graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop
• Bitmap (raster) image to vector image using
software such Streamline.
Standard / Format Graphics

BMP (bitmap) TIFF PICT

Oldest image Tagged Image For Macintosh

format, the image File Format- Image format.
is not Uses for image Suitable for
generated by presentation,
compressed, size
scanner, frame
large, well- grabber. video and
accepted screen view

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Standard / Format Graphics (cont.)

TGA (Targa) EPS GIF

Graphics
Interchange
Image for
The first format is Format –
illustrative
well-able to Standard
PostScript
accommodate image for
format
24-bit color online
interchange, 8
bit image
compression
and small size

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Standard / Format Graphics (cont.)

WMF JPG (Jpeg) PNG

Windows Metafile It is the method Upgraded

Format - Used for used to version of
windows compress GIF. Designed
OS. Often used images, suitable for transferring
to store vector for photographs images on the
clipart images but less suitable Internet, not for
for letters or professional
characters graphic print

And more- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics

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Method Design Image

Bitmap image
• Program types acquire
color can be used
eg Microsoft
Vector image
paint and Adobe Photoshop.
• Software that can be
• Allow image photo drawing /
used eg Adobe
painting /renovating for
Illustrator, macromedia
method media made ​a multimedia
freehand, and Autocad
applications.
• Lines & curves
• Permit someone for choose
• Filling impression color
brushes, pens, colors, sprays
• Manipulation text
color and etc.
• - - like a realpainter

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Vector Graphic Application

Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Illustrator 9.0
Drawing Object Change Style
Object Grouping Save Object
Raster Graphic Applications

Adobe PhotoShop
Start Adobe PhotoShop Adobe PhotoShop Interface
Image Editing with Adobe Photoshop
Save Image
Software - Mspaint

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Photo Editing

• Manipulation

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Photo Editing (cont.)

• Enhancement

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Graphic Rating

• Graphic quality, size, image depth (depth), & resolution

images to determine the quality of an image.
• Image size
– Referring to the height and width of the image is
measured in inches, cm, pixels and others.
– If the images have 300x500 pixels then there are
15000 pixels for the image. (Horizontal vs. vertical).
– A 320x240 image then meet 25% resolution 640x480
screen.

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Graphic Assessment (cont'd)

• Color depth
– Refers to the range of colors that exist within the
pixel / how many different colors exist in a self-image
at a time (bit depth).
– Most small two colors of black & white.
– 1 bit (0.1) (1.0) - 2 color combinations, four bits (0000)
to (1111) - 16 color combinations.
– Dithering - process to change the depth of the color.

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Graphic Assessment (cont'd)

• Resolution
– Refers to the number of points per inch (dot per inch)
are available in the image.
– The higher the sharpness of the image if the image
resolution is high.
– Interpolation & re-digitizing: for enhancing image
resolution.

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