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CE-325
Chapter 4: Pile Foundations
Dr. Jamil
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)
School of Civil & Env. Engineering (SCEE)
1
Pile foundation 2
Frictional piles
Steel piles generally are either pile piles or rolled steel H-section piles.
Pipe piles can be driven into ground with their ends open or closed.
General facts about steel piles
Usual length: 15 – 60 m (50 – 200 ft)
Usual load: 300 kN – 1200 kN (67 – 256 kip / 33 – 128 ton)
Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy to handle with respect to • Relatively costly
cutoff and extension to the
desired length • High level of noise during pile
driving
• Can stand high driving stresses
• Subject to corrosion
• Can penetrate hard layers such
as dense gravel and soft rock • H-piles may be damages or
deflected from the vertical
• High load-carrying capacity during driving through hard
layers or past major
obstructions.
Concrete piles - precast 12
Advantages
• Can be subjected to hard Disadvantages
driving
• Difficult to achieve proper cutoff
• Corrosion resistant
• Difficult to transport
• Can be easily combined with a
concrete superstructure
Concrete piles – precast prestressed 13
Cast-in-situ piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling
it with concrete. These piles are divided into two broad categories: (a)
cased, and (b) uncased.
General facts about cased cast-in-situ concrete piles
Usual length: 5 – 15 m (15 –50 ft)
Max length: 30 – 40 m (100 – 130 ft)
Usual load: 200 –500 kN (45 – 115 kip / 22 – 57 ton)
Max Load: 800 kN (180 kip / 90 ton)
Advantages
• Relatively cheap Disadvantages
• Allow for inspection before • Difficult to splice after concreting
pouring concrete
• Thin casing may be damaged
• Easy to extend during driving
Concrete piles – uncased cast-in-situ 15
Cast-in-situ piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling
it with concrete. These piles are divided into two broad categories: (a)
cased, and (b) uncased.
General facts about uncased cast-in-situ concrete piles
Usual length: 5 – 15 m (15 –50 ft)
Max length: 30 – 40 m (100 – 130 ft)
Usual load: 300 –500 kN (67 – 115 kip / 33 – 57 ton)
Max Load: 700 kN (160 kip / 80 ton)
Disadvantages
Advantages • Voids may be created if concrete
is placed rapidly
• Initially economical
• Difficult to splice after concreting
• Can be finished at any elevation
• In soft soils, the sides of the hole
may cave in, squeezing the
concrete
16
Bored pile – defect 17
Dilemma of Bored and Driven Piles 18
As a pile is driven into ground, the soil below the toe must move out
of the way.
The remolding of the clay changes its structure and reduces its
strength to a value near the residual strength.
Nature of variation of
undrained compressive
strength, cu, with time
around a pile driven into
soft clay
Changes in clays
23
Compression and excess pore water pressure
Pile driving also compresses the adjoining soils.
If saturated clays are present, this compression generates excess pore
water pressure.
The ratio of the excess pore water pressure, ue, to the original vertical
effective stress, v’, (i.e. ue/v’) may be as high as 1.5 to 2.0 near the
pile, gradually diminishing to zero at a distance of 30 to 40 pile radii
(see figure on next slide).
The greatest compression occurs near the pile toe, so ue/v’ in that
region may be a high as 3 to 4 (Airhart et al., 1969).
These high pore water pressure dramatically decrease the shear
strength of the soil, which makes it easier to install the pile, but
temporarily decrease its load-bearing capacity.
Changes in clays
24
Compression and excess pore water pressure
Soft clays will probably flow back into this gap, but stiff clays
will not.
The sand in the center of pile groups is influenced by more than one
pile, and therefore becomes denser than sand near the edge of the
group. This, in turn, probably causes the center piles to carry a large
share of the total downward load.
Drilled shafts 30
Pile driving compresses the soil below the toe, while drilled shaft
construction does not.
Pile and drilled shafts may not develop the same side-friction and
toe-bearing resistance, even when the foundation dimensions are
identical.
If the boring is left open for an extended period, too much expansion
occurs and the load capacity can be significantly reduced.
Drilled shafts (condt.) 31
In clays, the process of drilling the hole also alters the soil
properties because the auger smears and remolds the clay. This
can reduce the shear strength and the side-friction resistance.
Drilling mud used during construction can also affect the side-
friction resistance because mud may become embedded in the
walls of boring.