Eek 10: Lans and Wireless Lans Overview: Data Communication and Computer Networks

Edith Cowan University
School of Engineering
Data Communication and Computer

Networks
Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview
Prepared and Presented By

Haitham Khaled
May 10, 2018

Aim of The Lecture
On completion of this lecture students should be able to:
1) Explain the IEEE 802 reference model

2) Present an overview of logic link control
3) Understand the functionality of bridges
4) Distinguish between hubs and switches
 What is LAN and what is its common topologies?
 Why is IEEE 802 reference model?
 What is a bridge and its uses?


What is Topology?
Topology refers to the way in which the endpoints, or stations, attached

to the network are interconnected
 Bus topology  All stations attach, through a tap, directly to a linear transmission
medium, or bus
 Full-duplex operation between the station and the tap allows data to
be transmitted onto the bus and received from the bus
 A transmission from any station propagates the length of the medium

in both directions and can be received by all other stations
 At each end of the bus is a terminator, which absorbs any signal,

removing it from the bus

A
In this example, station C wishes to transmit a frame of A B C

data to A.
C transmits frame addressed to A
The frame header includes A’s address. As the frame

propagates along the bus, it passes B. A
B observes the address and ignores the frame because it A B C
is not addressed to it. Frame is not addressed to B; B ignores it
A, on the other hand, sees that the frame is addressed to

A
itself and therefore copies the data from the frame as it
goes by A B C
A copies frame as it goes by
Figure 11.1 Frame Transmission on a Bus LAN


 Star topology
In the star LAN topology, each station is directly connected to a common central
node. Typically, each station attaches to a central node via two point-to-point
links, one for transmission and one for reception.
 Central node
 Operates in broadcast fashion

 Physical star, logical bus
 Only one station can transmit at a time
 Can act as frame switch

OSI Reference
Model
 In OSI (open systems interconnection) terms, higher Application
layer protocols (layer 3 or 4 and above) are

Presentation
independent of network architecture and are IEEE 802
Reference
applicable to LANs, MANs, and WANs. Thus, a Session Model
discussion of LAN protocols is concerned principally
Transport Upper
with lower layers of the OSI model. Layer LLC Service
Protocols Access Point
(LSAP)
Network
 Figure 11.3 relates the LAN protocols to the OSI ( ) ( ) ( )

Logical Link Control
Data Link
architecture Medium Access
Control
Scope
of
Physical Physical IEEE 802
Standards
Medium Medium
Figure 11.3 IEEE 802 Protocol Layers Compared to OSI Model


IEEE 802 Reference Model
 The lowest layer of the IEEE 802 reference model corresponds

to the physical layer of the OSI model. Its functions;
 Encoding/decoding of signals
 Preamble generation/removal (for synchronization)
 Bit transmission/reception
 Includes a specification of the transmission medium and the topology,

because the choice of transmission medium and topology is critical in
LAN design, and so a specification of the medium is included.

 Logical Link Control Layer (LLC)
 Provide interface to higher levels

 Perform flow and error control
 Media Access Control (MAC)
 On transmit assemble data into frame address and error-detection fields.

 On reception disassemble frame, perform address recognition and error
detection
 Govern access to LAN transmission medium

Logical Link Control (LLC)
 The LLC sublayer provides multiplexing mechanisms that make it

possible for several network protocols (e.g. IP, IPX, … etc) to coexist
within a multipoint network and to be transported over the same
network medium.
 It can also provide flow control and automatic repeat request (ARQ)
error management mechanisms.
 The LLC sublayer acts as an interface between the media access

control (MAC) sublayer and the network layer.

LLC Services
 LLC specifies the mechanisms for
 Addressing stations across the medium

 Controlling the exchange of data between two users
 Three services are provided
 Unacknowledged connectionless service (datagram-style)

 Connection-mode service (Logical Connection)
 Acknowledged connectionless service (datagram acknowledged without connection)

Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol
 Controls access to the transmission medium
 The key parameters in any medium access control technique are where and how
 Where refers to whether control is exercised in a centralized or distributed fashion
 In a centralized fashion, a station wishing to transmit must wait until it receives permission
from the controller.
 In a decentralized network, the stations collectively perform a medium access control

function to determine dynamically the order in which stations transmit

A centralized scheme has certain advantages, including
 It may afford greater control over access for providing such things as
priorities, overrides, and guaranteed capacity.
 It enables the use of relatively simple access logic at each station.
 It avoids problems of distributed coordination among peer entities
The principal disadvantages are
 It creates a single point of failure; that is, there is a point in the network that, if it
fails, causes the entire network to fail.
 It may act as a bottleneck, reducing performance.
The pros and cons of distributed schemes are mirror images of the points just made.

 How refers to whether access control techniques are synchronous or asynchronous
 In the synchronous approach, a specific capacity is dedicated to a connection. This is the same
approach used in circuit switching, frequency division multiplexing (FDM), and synchronous time
division multiplexing (TDM)
 Such techniques are generally not optimal in LANs and MANs because the needs of the
stations are unpredictable. It is preferable to be able to allocate capacity in an asynchronous
(dynamic) fashion, more or less in response to immediate demand.
 The asynchronous approach can be further subdivided into three categories:

1. Round robin
2. Reservation
3. Contention
1. Round robin
 Each station in turn is given the opportunity to transmit
 During that opportunity, the station may decline to

transmit or may transmit subject to a specified upper
bound, usually the maximum amount of data to be sent
 If the station finished transmission, its turn to transmit

passes to the next station in logical sequence.
 Control of sequence may be centralized or distributed.

Polling is an example of a centralized technique.
 It is suitable if there is many stations. However, there is

a considerable overhead in case of a few stations
2. Reservation
 Divides medium into slots
 A station wishing to transmit reserves future slots for

an extended or even an indefinite period
 Reservations may be made in a centralized or

distributed fashion
 Good for stream traffic

3. Contention
 No control is exercised to determine whose turn it is
 All stations contend for time
 Their principal advantage is that they are simple to

implement and, under light to moderate load, efficient
 Performance tends to collapse under heavy load


MAC Frame Handling
 MAC layer receives data from LLC layer

 PDU is referred to as a MAC frame
 MAC layer detects errors and discards frames
 LLC optionally retransmits unsuccessful frames
In general, all of the MAC frames have the following fields;

1. MAC control
2. Destination MAC address
3. Source MAC address
4. LLC
5. CRC

Bridges
 Connects similar LANs with identical physical and link layer

protocols (e.g., all conforming to IEEE 802.3).
 Minimal processing
 Can map between MAC formats
 Reasons for use:
 Reliability
 Performance
 Security
 Geography

Bridge Design Aspects
 Makes no modification to the content or format of the frames it

receives
 Should contain enough buffer space to meet peak demands
 Must contain routing and addressing intelligence
 May connect more than two LANs
 Bridging is transparent to stations

Hubs
 Active central element of star layout

 Each station connected to hub by two lines
 Hub acts as a repeater
 Length of a line is limited to about 100m
 Optical fibre may be used to about 500m
 Physically a star, logically a bus
 Transmission from any one station is received by all other stations
 If two stations transmit at the same time there will be a collision

Shared Bus - 10 Mbps
Layer 2 Switch
10 Mbps
10 Mbps
10 Mbps
10 Mbps
is also sometimes referred to as a switching hub A B C D
(a) Shared medium bus
In (B), a transmission from any one station is received by Total capacity

up to 10 Mbps
the hub and retransmitted on all of the outgoing lines. 10 Mbps 10 Mbps
Therefore, to avoid collision, only one station can transmit 10 Mbps 10 Mbps
at a time. The total capacity of the LAN is 10 Mbps A B C D
(b) Shared medium hub
In (C), B is transmitting a frame to A and at the same time Total capacity
C is transmitting a frame to D. So, in this example, the 10 Mbps

N 10 Mbps
10 Mbps
current throughput on the LAN is 20 Mbps, although each
10 Mbps 10 Mbps
individual device is limited to 10 Mbps. A B C D
(c) Layer 2 switch
Figure 15.11 LAN Hubs and Switches


Layer 2 Switch Benefits
 No change is required to the software or hardware of the attached

devices to convert a bus LAN or a hub LAN to a switched LAN
 Have dedicated capacity equal to original LAN (Assuming switch

has sufficient capacity to keep up with all devices)
 Scales easily (additional devices attached to switch by increasing

capacity of layer 2)

Wireless LAN
 Is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using

wireless communication within a limited area such as a home,
school, computer laboratory, or office building. This gives users the
ability to move around within a local coverage area and yet still be
connected to the network.
 Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards and are
marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name
 MAC layer covers three functional areas:
1. Reliable data delivery

2. Access control
3. Security

Using an interframe space (IFS), the rules for CSMA access are as follows (Figure Wait for frame
to transmit
13.6):
Medium No
 A station with a frame to transmit senses the medium. If the medium is idle, it idle?
Yes
waits to see if the medium remains idle for a time equal to IFS. If so, the station Wait IFS
may transmit immediately.

Still No Wait until current
idle? transmission ends
 If the medium is busy (either because the station initially finds the medium busy Yes
or because the medium becomes busy during the IFS idle time), the station Transmit frame
Wait IFS
defers transmission and continues to monitor the medium until the current
Still No
transmission is over idle?
Yes
 Once the current transmission is over, the station delays another IFS. If the Exponential backoff
while medium idle
medium remains idle for this period, then the station backs off a random amount
Transmit frame
of time and again senses the medium. If the medium is still idle, the station may
transmit.
Figure 13.6 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Logic

 Once the current transmission is over, the station delays another Wait for frame
to transmit
IFS. If the medium remains idle for this period, then the station
No
backs off a random amount of time and again senses the medium. Medium
idle?
If the medium is still idle, the station may transmit. Yes
Wait IFS
 During the back-off time, if the medium becomes busy, the back-off No
Still Wait until current
timer is halted and resumes when the medium becomes idle. idle? transmission ends
Yes
Wait IFS
 If the transmission is unsuccessful, which is determined by the Transmit frame
absence of an acknowledgement, then it is assumed that a collision Still No

idle?
has occurred. Yes
Exponential backoff
while medium idle
Transmit frame
Figure 13.6 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Logic


Table 13.4 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer Standards
Standard 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11ac 802.11ad
Year
1999 1999 2003 2000 2012 2014
introduced
Maximum data 65 to 78 Mbps
transfer 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps to 3.2 6.76 Gbps
600 Mbps
speed Gbps
Frequency 2.4 or 5
5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 5 GHz 60 GHz
band GHz
Channel 20, 40 40, 80,
20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 2160 MHz
bandwidth MHz 160 MHz
Highest order
64 QAM 11 CCK 64 QAM 64 QAM 256 QAM 64 QAM
modulation
Spectrum DSSS,
DSSS OFDM OFDM SC-OFDM SC, OFDM
usage OFDM
Up to 4´4 Up to 8´8
Antenna 1´1 SISO 1´1 SISO 1´1 SISO 1´1 SISO
configuration MIMO, MU-
MIMO
MIMO


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Edith Cowan University

Data Communication and Computer

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

Prepared and Presented By

May 10, 2018

Aim of The Lecture

On completion of this lecture students should be able to:

1) Explain the IEEE 802 reference model

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 What is LAN and what is its common topologies?

 Why is IEEE 802 reference model?

 What is a bridge and its uses?

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

Topology refers to the way in which the endpoints, or stations, attached

 A transmission from any station propagates the length of the medium

 At each end of the bus is a terminator, which absorbs any signal,

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

In this example, station C wishes to transmit a frame of A B C

The frame header includes A’s address. As the frame

B observes the address and ignores the frame because it A B C

is not addressed to it. Frame is not addressed to B; B ignores it

A, on the other hand, sees that the frame is addressed to

A copies frame as it goes by

Figure 11.1 Frame Transmission on a Bus LAN

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 Operates in broadcast fashion

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 In OSI (open systems interconnection) terms, higher Application

layer protocols (layer 3 or 4 and above) are

 Figure 11.3 relates the LAN protocols to the OSI ( ) ( ) ( )

Figure 11.3 IEEE 802 Protocol Layers Compared to OSI Model

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 The lowest layer of the IEEE 802 reference model corresponds

 Preamble generation/removal (for synchronization)

 Includes a specification of the transmission medium and the topology,

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 Provide interface to higher levels

 Media Access Control (MAC)

 On transmit assemble data into frame address and error-detection fields.

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 The LLC sublayer provides multiplexing mechanisms that make it

 The LLC sublayer acts as an interface between the media access

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 LLC specifies the mechanisms for

 Addressing stations across the medium

 Three services are provided

 Unacknowledged connectionless service (datagram-style)

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 Controls access to the transmission medium

 Where refers to whether control is exercised in a centralized or distributed fashion

 In a decentralized network, the stations collectively perform a medium access control

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

The principal disadvantages are

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 The asynchronous approach can be further subdivided into three categories:

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 Each station in turn is given the opportunity to transmit

 During that opportunity, the station may decline to

 If the station finished transmission, its turn to transmit

 Control of sequence may be centralized or distributed.

 It is suitable if there is many stations. However, there is

Week 10: LANs and Wireless LANs Overview

 Divides medium into slots