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Presented by :-
Rohit Ranjan
TM/10/013
‘ 
 

R ëollection of software known as an operating

system (OS) that runs on most computers.
R The OS software is the means by which the
user communicates with the computer's central
processing unit (ëPU) and memory by means of
a keyboard and mouse (for input) and display
monitor (for output), in order to perform
computations.
R The OS software is also responsible for
communications between the ëPU/memory and
the computer's other peripherals such as disks,
tapes, printers, networks, 
.
R The OS ensures that no two users can access the
same device (ëPU, memory, peripherals) at the
same time; one is allowed to proceed while the
other is forced to wait until the device is no longer
busy.

 
  

 


R The main control program in a UNIX OS is called
the kernel.
R when the user types commands on the
keyboard they are read by another program in
the OS called a |  which parses, checks,
translates and massages them in various ways,
then passes them to the kernel for execution.




R ëore of an operating system

R Interacts with the hardware

R First program to get loaded when the system

starts and runs till the session gets terminated
R Different from BIOS which is hardware
dependent.
R Kernel is software dependent



R Program that interacts with kernel
R Bridge between kernel and the user
R ëommand interpreter
R User can type command and the command is
conveyed to the kernel and it will be executed
R Modern shells aim to reduce the amount the user
has to type by providing facilities such as
command recall and edit, command spelling
correction and "wildcard" characters (characters in
filenames that represent multiple possibilities).
 





The following lists the most common directories and their
intended contents.
/ - root directory
/home - where directories are contained for each user.
/usr - pronounced 'user' and contains Linux commands
and utilities
/bin - binary executable programs
/lib - program libraries, similar to Windows 'dll' files
/sbin - more executable programs and Linux utilities for
administrative purposes
/doc - documentation
/src - source code to programs
/tmp - temporary work files

  

 

R mkdir - creating directory
^ mkdir dirname
R rmdir ² removing directory and its contents
^ rmdir dirname
R cd ² ëhange directory
^ cd dirpath
R cp ² ëopying files
^ cp file1 file2
R mv ² Moving or renaming files
^ mv oldfile newfile
R Listing files in a directory
^ ls ² Lists all files in a directory

^ ls ²a ² Lists all files (including hidden files)

^ ls ²l ² Lists files in a directory along with

owner information, permission etc
R  "wildcard" characters in filenames, technically
called filename globbing.
R The * character in a filename represents any
string of characters, including no characters;
the ? character represents any single character;
a string of characters between [ ] represents
any one of those specific characters.
R If there are files called "fee", "fie", "foe" and
"fum" in the current directory, the strings f* and
f?? would be expanded to the full list of names,
whereas f?e and "f[eio]e´would be expanded to
"fee fie foe" ("fum" doesn't match the last two
patterns).