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Calculus

Differential
Calculus
Average Rate of Change

 Average velocity/speed
Average velocity- with directions
Average speed- magnitude only

Example: 50 m/s due East -> Velocity


50 m/s -> Speed

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑


𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Average Rate of Change

 Average rate of growth


∆𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ =
∆𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
∗ ∆ means change

 Slope of line segment


∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= = = 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒/𝑟𝑢𝑛
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
∗ 𝑚 means slope
Example:

 Find the slope of the line connecting (-1,0) and (2,4).

Solution:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

4−0 4
𝑚= =
2 − (−1) 3
Positive Slope

Rising from left to right


Negative Slope

Falling from left to right


Zero Slope

Horizontal Line

Example : Find the slope of the line connecting (4,0) and (3,0)
Solution: Both these points have the same y-coordinate. Thus,
change in y=0. Therefore, the slope is also zero.
Undefined Slope

Vertical Line

Example : Find the slope of the line connecting (3,4) and (3,0)
Solution: Both these points have the same x-coordinate. Thus,
change in x=0. Therefore, the slope is undefined.
Assignment

Solution:
a.)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

−8 − 10 −18
𝑚= = = −3
1 − (−5) 6
Assignment

Solution:
b.)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

−1 − 3 −4 1
𝑚= = =
−8 − (4) −12 3
Assignment

Solution:
c.)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

−4 − (−4) 0
𝑚= = =0
6 − (−1) 7
Exercises

Solution:
We can compare the steepness using the magnitudes of each slopes
(disregarding the sign). The larger the value of slope, the steeper it is.
For example, a slope of -5 is more steeper that +4 since 5>4.
Exercises

Solution:
At lowest and highest point of the curve, the slope of the tangent is
zero (horizontal line).
When the curve is rising from left to right, then the slope of the tangent
is positive.
When the curve is falling from left to right, then the slope of the
tangent is negative.
Exercises

Solution:
At lowest and highest point of the curve, the slope of the tangent is
zero (horizontal line).
When the curve is rising from left to right, then the slope of the tangent
is positive.
When the curve is falling from left to right, then the slope of the
tangent is negative.
Sequences
Infinite vs. Finite Sequence
Rule and Notation

A sequence usually has a rule, which is a way to find the value of each
term.
Example
Special Sequences: Arithmetic

 In an arithmetic sequence the difference between one term and


the next is a constant.
 In other words, we just add some value each time ... on to infinity.
Special Sequences: Geometric
Sequence
 In a geometric sequence each term is found by multiplying the
previous term by a constant.
 In other words, we just multiply some value each time ... on to
infinity.
Special Sequences: Geometric
Sequence
 In a geometric sequence each term is found by multiplying the
previous term by a constant.
 In other words, we just multiply some value each time ... on to
infinity.
Limit of a Sequence

The limit of a sequence is the value that the terms of a sequence "tend to".

We can see here that the sequence tends to approach the value of
zero. Thus, the limit is zero.
Definition of Limit
Two Basic Limits
Properties of Limits
Examples:
Limits of a Function

*Please see the separate study guide regarding this topic. Thanks!
Slope of a curve at point P
Derivative

Definition of Derivative

Formula:
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Example:
Example:

 Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4


Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 4 4 𝑥 4−1
= 16𝑥 3
Instantaneous Functions
Applications of Derivative
Applications of Derivative
Applications of Derivative
Applications of Derivative
Integral Calculus
Antidifferentiation

𝑛+1
𝑘𝑥
න 𝑘𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Or

𝑘𝑥 𝑛+1
𝐷 −1 𝑘𝑥 𝑛 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
Properties
Examples:
Applications
Applications

Solution:
Applications

Solution:
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Example:
2
𝑥3 2
න 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 = ቤ
1 3 1
23 13
= −
3 3
8 1
= −
3 3
7
=
3
Examples:
Area under the graph
Area under the graph
Assignment
Assignment

Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
Assignment

Solution:
Assignment

Solution:
2
𝑥4 2
න 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 = ቤ
0 4 0
24 04
= -
4 4
16 0
= 4
-4

= 4 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

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