GERUND AND INFINITIVE

Presented by :
OKTAVIA G.M. (36)
M. DWI HADI P. (42)
 GERUND
GERUND is the –ing form of verb used in the same ways
as a noun or verbal noun that can used as a subject
or an object or a complement.

Example :
a. Walking is good exercise
(walking is used as subject of the sentence)
b. The singer enjoy singing a song
(singing is used as object of the sentence)
c. Dwi Hadi’s hobby is eating meat ball
(eating is used as complement of the sentence)
 GO + GERUND
a. Do you go shopping?
b. They went fishing yesterday
(go is followed by gerund in certain idiomatic, for the most part,
recreational activities).

GO + GERUND
Go bird watching go hiking go sightseeing
Go boating go hunting go skating
Go bowling go jogging go swimming
Go camping go climbing go window shopping
Go canoeing go running go fishing
Go dancing go sailing go shopping
 Do it!!
1. Did you go …. In the jungle?
a. hunted c. hunting
b. had hunted d. was hunt
2. I enjoy …. In the zoo.
a. going c. gone
b. went d. to go
3. Hendry’s hobby was ……..
a. watched c. eating
b. watch d. eats
 GERUND AS SUBJECT
GERUND AS SUBJECT can independent (phrase)
Example :
 Swimming makes me health
 Singing is her hobby
 Jogging keeps our health

1. Gerund as modifier and compound noun (kata benda majemuk)

that the means place and manner.
reading book = buku bacaan
drawing pen = pulpen gambar
sewing machine = mesin jahit
swimming suit = pakaian renang
living room = ruang tamu
shopping centre = pusat perbelanjaan
walking stick = tomgkat berjalan
2. Gerund used for prohibition/warning
no smoking = dilarang merokok
no parking = dilarang parkir
no hunting = dilarang berburu
no swimming = dilarang berenang
no spitting = dilarang meludah
no loitering = dilarang mondar-mandir

3. Gerund used in proverb

seeing is believing = tidak percaya sebelum melihat
saving is having = hemat pangkal kaya
 GERUND AS COMPLEMENT
GERUND AS COMPLEMENT usual called subject complement or
predicate.

Example :
 Her hobby is singing dangdut’s song
 Hadi swims in the swimming pool
 GERUND AS OBJECT
There are 2 kinds of object:
1. Object of verb. It is a gerund that used after verb
Example :
The thief admitted stealing the money
Dwi Hadi avoid drinking beer

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND

admit He admitted stealing the money
advise She advised waiting until tomorrow
anticipate I anticipate having a good time on vacation
appreciate I appreciate hearing from them
avoid He avoided answering my question
complete I finally completed writing my term paper
consider I will consider going with you
delay He delayed leaving for school
deny She denied committing the crime
discus They discussed opening a new business
dislike I dislike driving long distance
enjoy We enjoyed visiting them
finish She finished studying about ten
forget I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb
can’t help I can’t help worrying about it
keep I keep hoping he will come
mention She mentioned going to a movie
mind Would you mind helping me with this?
miss I miss being with my family
postpone Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow
practice The athlete practiced throwing the ball
quit He quit trying to solve the problem
recall I don’t recall meeting him before
recollect I don’t recollect meeting him before
recommend She recommend seeing the show
regret I regret telling him my secret
remember I can remember meeting him when I was a child
resist I couldn’t resist eating the dessert
risk She risks losing all of her money
stop She stopped going to classes
suggest She suggested going to the movie
tolerate She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination
understand I don’t understand his leaving school
Note :
 Appreciate : followed possessive adjective

I appreciate your giving me so much of your time

 Excuse, forgive, prevent, can followed : possessive adjective/pronoun +
gerund or pronoun + preposition + gerund
example :
a. Forgive my/me interrupting you
Forgive me for interrupting you
b. You can’t prevent him from spending his own money

Verb that can followed gerund and to infinitive

begin = mulai intend = bermaksud
cease = berhenti go on = terus
continue = melanjutkan regret = menyesal
dislike = tidak suka like = suka
hate = benci love = senang
start = mulai try = coba
stop = berhenti remember = ingat
forget = lupa
NOTE :
Gerund can used after phrase
can’t stand = tidak tahan
take to = membiasakan
can’t hear = tidak tahan
insist on = mendesak, memaksa
can’t avoid = tidak tahan
it’s worth = patut, pantas
can’t help = tak sampai hati
it’s no use/good = tak ada gunanya

Example :
 I can’t stand waiting too long
 It’s no use/good arguing (bertengkar)
 There is something worth buying
VERB ‘NEED, WANT, REQUIRE,’ FOLLOWED GERUND
HAS MEANS ‘PASSIVE’
a. Your knife needs sharpening
(Pisaumu perlu diasah)
b. The wall wants whitewashing
(Dinding itu perlu dikapur)
c. The grass requires cutting off
(Rumput itu perlu dipotong)
2. Object of preposition, is gerund that used after verb of
preposition (in, on, at, after, before, without, for, by, of, with,
and so on)
Example :
a. He doesn’t have any difficulties in studying English
b. After having breakfast, I want to go
 INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE is V1 or base verb
Example : speak, read, write, listen, cook, make

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFINITIVE AND TO INFINITIVE

Infinitive or V1 can become V2, V3, and V-ing but to infinitive is to + V1 that
can’t become V2, V3, or V-ing and the function to compare 2 verb or
more.
Example to+V1 :
a. I want to speak English
b. She doesn’t care to hear our explanation.
 COMMON VERBS FOOLOWED BY
INFINITIVES
VERB + INFINITIVE
• I hope to see you again soon
• He promised to be here by ten
Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive.
c. He promised not to be late
Negative form : not precedes the infinitive

VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE

a. Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock
b. The police ordered the driver to stop
Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive
c. I was told to be here at ten o’clock
d. The driver was ordered to stop
These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in
passive.
GROUP A : VERB + INFINITIVE
Hope to promise to seem to expect to
Plan to agree to appear to would like to
Intend to offer to pretend to want to
Decide to refuse to ask to need to

GROUP B : VERB + (PRO)NUON + INFINITIVE

Tell someone to require someone to
Advise someone to order someone to
Encourage someone to force someone to
Remind someone to expect someone to
Invite someone to would like someone to
Permit someone to want someone to
Allow someone to ask someone to
Warn someone to need someone to
 ADJECTIVE FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE

a. We were sorry to hear the bad news

b. I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting
Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives. In
general, these adjectives describe a person (or persons), not a thing.
Many of these adjective describe a person’s feeling or attitudes.
SOME COMMON ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
glad to upset to determined to
Happy to disappointed to careful to
Pleased to proud to hesitant to
Delighted to ashamed to reluctant to
Content to ready to afraid to
Relieved to prepared to surprised to
Lucky to anxious to amazed to
Fortunate to eager to astonished to
Sorry to willing to shocked to
Sad to motivated to stunned to
 REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED
BY INFINITIVES
A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN
INFINITIVE
Afford Demand Mean
Agree Deserve Need
Appear Expect l Offer
Arrange Fail Plan
Ask Forget Prepare
Beg Hesitate Pretend
Care Hope Promise
Claim Learn Refuse
Consent Learn Regret
Decide Manage Remember
Learn Regret
Manage Remember
Mean Seem
Need Struggle
Offer Swear
Plan Threaten
Prepare Volunteer
Pretend Wait
Promise Want
Refuse Wish

For example : We are preparing to make a tent.

The girl seems to be sick.
B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A (PRO)NOUN + AN INFINITIVE
Advise She advised me to wait until tomorrow
Allow She allowed me to use the car
Ask I asked John to help us
Beg They begged us to come
Cause Her laziness caused her to fail
Challenge She challenged me to race her to the corner
Convince I couldn’t convince him to accept our help
Dare He dared me to do better than he had done
Encourage He encouraged me to try again
Expect I expect you to be on time
Forbid I forbid you to tell him
Force They forced him to tell the truth
Hire She hired a boy to mow the law
Instruct He instructed them to be careful
Invite Harry invited the Johnson to come to his party
Need We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution
Order The judge ordered me to pay a fine
Permit He permitted the children to stay up late
Persuade I persuaded him to come for a visit
Remind She reminded me to lock the door
Require Our teacher requires us to be on time
Teach My brother taught me to swim
Tell The doctor told me to take these pills
Urge I urged her to apply for the job
Want I want you to be happy
Warn I warned you not to drive too fast
PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES
AND GERUNDS
PASSIVE INFINIVE : to be + past participle
a. I didn’t expect to be invited to his party
To be invited is passive. The understood “by phrase” is “by
him” : I didn’t expect to be invited by him.
PASSIVE GERUND : being + past participle
b. I appreciated being invited to your home
Being invited is passive. The understood “by phrase” is “by
you” : I appreciated being invited by you.
PAST INFINITIVE : to have + past participle
c. The rain seems to have stopped.
The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund
happened before the time of main verb. The rain seems now to
have stopped a few minutes ago.
PAST GERUND : having + past participle
d. I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king
I met the king yesterday. I appreciated now having had the
opportunity to meet the king yesterday.
PAST-PASSIVE INFINITIVE : to have been + past
participle
e. Jane is fortunate to have been given a scholarship.
Jane was given a scholarship last month by her
government. Jane is fortunate now to have been given a
scholarship last month by her government.
PAST PASSIVE-GERUND : having been + past participle
f. I appreciate having been told the news
I was told the news yesterday by someone. I appreciate
that. I appreciate now having told the news yesterday by
someone.
 CONCLUSION
 Gerund is the –ing form of a verb used in the
same ways as noun or verbal noun that can
used as a subject or an object or a
complement.
 Go followed by gerund is in certain idiomatic
expressions to express, for the most part,
recreational activities.
 In a sentence, the functions of gerund are as
subject of a verb, as object of a verb or
preposition and as complement.
 Infinitives is V1 or base verb that can become
V2, V3, and V-ing.