Forces and Motion

Linear Motion
Linear Motion
Linear Motion
Acceleration
Acceleration &
&
Deceleration
Deceleration
Acceleration &
Acceleration
Deceleration&
Deceleration
Deceleration —> put
the negative—>
Deceleration sign!
put
the negative sign!
Ticker Timer
A ticker timer consists an
electrical vibrator which
vibrates 50 times per
second.

One tick is equal to the 1/50

= 0.02 second.
Constant Velocity

The distance between the

dots are equally distributed.

All lengths of tape are equal

length.
Uniform Acceleration

The distance between the

dots increases uniformly.

The length of strips of tape

increases uniformly.
Uniform Deceleration

The distance between the

dots decreases uniformly.

The length of strips of tape

decreases uniformly.
Motion Graphs
 Analyzing Motion Graphs

Graphs can be useful in studying motion. They show

the changes in the motion of an object with the time.

There are 2 main types of linear motion graphs:

the displacement-time graph
the velocity-time graph
A displacement-time graph (s-t graph) is a graph that
shows how the displacement of an object varies with
time.
Try to draw how the
cyclist travel.

Gradient of the
graph = velocity
A velocity-time graph (v-t graph) is a graph that shows
the variance in the velocity of an object against time.
 Import
ant!

Gradient of the
graph =
accelaration
(positive /
negative)

Area under
graph = distance
travelled
 Non-uniform
Non-uniform Velocity
Velocity

Non-linear graph

Increasing gradient = increasing velocity

Non-uniform
Non-uniform
Acceleration
Acceleration

Non-linear graph
Graphs
Graphs Key
Key Data
Data
 You could see the distance time graph above.
The body starts moving from point A moves
Distance vs time graph towards point B very fast. At point C its in
steady speed then in a stationary mode reaches
the point D. Finally returns point E.

If the graph is steeper, it shows that the

motion of the object would be faster.
If the graph is horizontal, it means that
the object is at rest.
 In case of the speed time graph or the velocity
time graphs, speed or velocity of the object is
generally plotted on the y direction and the time
Velocity vs time graph is plotted in the x direction.

Remember that the speed is a scalar quantity

and it only has the magnitude associated with
it. On the other hand, velocity and displacement
are the vector quantities and they also have
direction associated with them.

Steepness on the graph is showing that

the object is having more acceleration.

If the graph is horizontal, it means that

the object is moving with constant speed
and acceleration is zero.

When the graph is coming down, it

shows that the moving object is slowing
down.
 In case of the acceleration time graph,
acceleration of the object is generally plotted
Acceleration vs time on the y direction and the time is plotted in
graph the x direction.

In the figure, it is explained that how the

acceleration time graph can be obtained
from the Velocity time graph. At any point in
the velocity time graph acceleration at that
point can be defined as the slope at that
point.
Positive value of the acceleration in the
acceleration time graph shows that velocity
in increasing and it is increasing in the
positive direction.

Negative value of the acceleration shows

that the velocity is decreasing and it is
decreasing in the negative direction.
Acceleration goes zero when the slope in the
velocity time graph becomes zero. The slope
in the velocity time graph becomes zero
when the velocity becomes maximum and
reaches at its peak point.
Inertia
 All objects tend to continue with what they are doing.

Newton’s first law of motion = Law of Inertia states that:

Every object continue in its state of rest or

uniform speed in a straight line unless
acted upon by an eternal force.
The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or
uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia.

The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or

uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia.

Only an external force (or a non-zero net force) can cause

a change to the state of motion of an object (either rest or
moving at the same speed in a straight line).

The external force is a non-zero net force, if more than

one external force act on the object.
The larger the mass, the larger the inertia.
Way of Reducing the Negative Effect of Inertia
Momentum
 Momentum = mass x velocity = mv
SI unit: kg ms^-1
Principle of Conservation of Momentum:
In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a
system remains unchanged.
Momentum is a vector quantity with the same direction as
velocity.

If the direction to the right is denoted as positive, an object

moving to the right possess a positive momentum while an
object moving to the left will have a negative momentum.
 If a loaded lorry and a car are moving at the same
speed, it is more difficult for the lorry to stop.

This is because the lorry possesses a physical quantity,

momentum, more than the car.

It is harder to stop a massive object moving at a high

velocity.

All moving objects possess momentum.

The term conservation is used if the total amount of matter or
quantity remains the same before and after the occurrence of
an event.
Principle of Conservation of Momentum:
The total momentum of a system is constant, if no external
force acts on the system.

An example of an external force is friction.

The Principle of conservation of momentum is true for a

closed system.

A closed system is one where the sum of external forces

acting on the system is zero.
Principle of Conservation of Momentum shall be discussed in
two situations as shown below:

A collision
An explosion
The total
momentum of the The sum of the
objects before a momentums
collision equals remains as zero
that after the after an explosion.
collision.
Collisions
 Explosions
The sum of the momentums remains as zero after an
explosion.
 Explosions

The two velocities are in opposite directions.

Force
 What is force?
What is force?
A force is a push or a pull.
A force is a push or a pull.

When you push or pull on an object, you need to know

(a)the strength or magnitude of your force, and
(b)the direction in which you are pushing or pulling

Therefore, force is a vector quantity since it has both

magnitude and direction.
The Effects of a Force
 a
a∝FF // m
m

∴
∴FF=
= kma
kma ,, k
k is
is a
a constant
constant

The unit of force is Newton, N.

In order to make the formula a simple as possible, we

make k = 1 by defining a force of 1 N as:
The net force on an object is proportional to the
rate of change of momentum.
Balanced Force
 Balanced Force

In general, there may be several forces acting on the mass,

whether parallel or anti-parallel, or in different directions.

Thus, the force, F, must be replaced with the net or resultant

force when there are several forces acting on the mass.

However, for simplicity, F = ma is always used, bearing in mind

that F is the net force acting on the object (whether a single
force or several forces are acting on it).
 Balanced Force

When the forces acting on an object

are balanced, they cancel each other
out (that is, net force = 0).

The object then behaves as if there

is no force acting on it.

Since F net = 0, the acceleration of the object, a = 0. Thus, the

object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity when
there is no net force acting on it. This is Newton’s first law of
motion.
Impulse
Impulse and Impulse Force
 An object might rebound from a wall, or stick to it without
rebounding after striking it.
In which situation will the wall exert a greater impulse?

Thus, a greater impulse is exerted on an object if it rebounds

Thus, a greater impulse is exerted
after on an object if it rebounds
a collision.
after a collision.
To understand the effect of time in a collision:
To understand the effect of time in a collision:
Increasing the Impulsive Force by Reducing the
Time of Impact
 Increasing the
Increasing
Impulsive theby
Force
Impulsivethe
Reducing Force
Timebyof
Reducing the Time of
Impact
Impact
 Reducing the
Reducing
Impulsivethe
Impulsive
Force by
Force bythe
Increasing
Increasing
Time the
of Impact
Time of Impact
 The impulsive force is inversely
proportional to the time of
impact. The athlete bends his
legs upon landing to lengthen
the time of impact; reducing the
impulsive force.
Answer: B
Gravity
All objects are pulled towards the centre of
the Earth by the force of gravity.

The objects will fall with an acceleration of

9.8 ms^-2 due to the pull of this
gravitational force.

Since this acceleration is due to the force of

gravity, it is called the gravitational Gravitational force is
acceleration. always acting towards
the centre of the Earth.

It’s denoted by the symbol, g.

 The value of g depends on:

(a)Latitude

Generally, the value of g

increases with latitude.

(b) Height above sea level

The greater the height above

the sea level is, the smaller is
the value of g.
Pulley System
 A frictionless pulley serves to
change the direction of a force.

The tension, T that results from

pulling at the ends of the string or
rope has the same magnitude along
its entire length.
 A force pulling a mass over a pulley:

In this situation, the tension T, is equal to the pulling force F,

even if the rope is slanting.
 A pulley with 2 masses:

The heavier mass will accelerate downwards while the lighter

one will accelerate upwards with the same magnitude.

The tension is not equal to the weight of either mass.

Forces in Equilibrium
 Forces in Equilibrium or balanced forces have been
discussed previously.

When the forces are in equilibrium, the net force, Fnet, or

resultant force, FR is zero.

The object will either be:

(a)at rest
(b)in motion with constant velocity
 A tilted surface is called an inclined plane.

To understand better how three forces work in equilibrium, we

need to understand
a) the resultant force of two forces
b) the resolution of a force
Addition of Forces and Resultant Force

When 2 forces of 3N and 4N, pushing a

wooden block of mass 2kg on a smooth
surface in the same direction, it causes the
block to accelerate at 3.5ms^-2.

If the 2 forces are replaced with a single

force of 7N, it will still accelerate at
3.5ms^-2.

Thus the effect of both cases is the same.

The block have a = 3.5ms^-2.

7N is the resultant force of the combined

forces of 3N and 4N.

The resultant force is defined as a

single force that will produce the
same effect as the two or more
combined forces that it replaces.
 To find the Resultant Force

Note: For Parallel Forces

only!!!

Addition Subtraction
 To find the Resultant Force

Simple arithmetic cannot be applied to find the

resultant force of two non-parallel forces.

Instead, we can determine the

resultant force by drawing
scaled diagrams using the two
methods:

a) The Triangle Method

b) The Parallelogram Rule
Method 1: The Triangle Method (Tail-to-Tip
Method)

Measure the length of the completed triangle.

Method 2: The Parallelogram Rule (Parallellogram of
Forces)
For perpendicular forces, just use Pythagoras’
theorem.
Resolution of Force
Resolution of Forces
Weight on Inclined Plane
 Three Forces in Equilibrium

Problems involving three forces in equilibrium can be solved

either by:

(a)Method A: Resolution of forces

(b)Method B: Drawing a closed triangle of forces
Work, Energy, Power &
Efficiency
Work
 Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the
direction of the force.

The work done, W is defined as the product of the force, F and

the displacement, s in the direction of the force.

The SI unit of work is

the joule, J. Work is a
scalar quantity.
One joule is the work done when a force of
one newton moves an object over a
distance of one metre, in the direction of
the force.
Energy
 Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

The SI unit of energy is the joule, J. It’s the same with work.

Energy is a scalar quantity.

Energy Transfer and Work Done
Gravitational Potential Energy
Work is equivalent to energy as they are
interchangeable.

(a)Work done = Energy acquired

(b)Energy = Work done
 Principle of
Conservation of Energy
 The Principle of Conservation of Energy:

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can

be transformed from one form to another, but
the total energy in a system is constant.
Pendulum
 Velocity is
dependent with g
and h only.

Since g is constant,
only need to know
h.
Note that the mass of the durian is not
important !!!
Power
 Power, P is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at
which energy is transformed.

The SI unit of power is the watt

(W).

1W = 1J/1s = 1Js^-1

The larger units are the kilowatt (kW) and the megawatt (MW).

Power is a scalar quantity as both the work done and energy are
scalar quantities.

Another unit of power is the horsepower (hp), which is

commonly used in electrical appliances such as air conditioners.
1hp = 746 W
≃3/4 kW
Efficiency
Elasticity
Elasticity is a property of matter that enables an object
to return to its original size and shape when the force
acting on it is removed.
 Elastic Potential Energy

The work done on the spring is not equal to F x x

because the force is not constant but is increasing from
zero to F.
Practice Questions