Cooling Load Calculation

COMPOSED BY
CH. ASAD SAEED
UZAIR BIN AZAM
MUHAMMAD HUSNAIN ALI 1
 The CLTD/SCL/CLF Method
• There are many methods for load calculations. We will be using
ASHRAE’s CLTD method, which is most suitable for hand
calculations.
• It was first introduced in ASHRAE’s 1977 handbook.
• Cooling Load is generally calculated with respect to a certain time
of day and on a room by room basis.

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 The CLTD/SCL/CLF Method
• The basic formula for Cooling load is as follows.

• Cooling Load = External Load + Internal Load + Ventilation/Infiltration Load

• By the end of the presentation we will be able to understand and

calculate all of these different loads and resultantly be able to
calculate the Net Cooling Load.

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 Goal of the Presentation

Description Load (kW)

Load due to Conduction ?
External Loads Solar Heat Gain through ?
Glass
Occupancy Load ?
Internal Loads
Electrical Equipment ?
Ventilation/Infiltration Loads ?
Net Cooling Load (kW)
Net Cooling Load (Tones)

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 External Cooling Loads
• (1) Heat gain by conduction through walls, roof and windows

• 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)
• Where, 𝑄 is the heat transfer rate (W)
𝑈 is the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/𝑚2 𝐾)
𝐴 is the total wall surface area perpendicular to heat flux (𝑚2 )
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷is the Cooling Load Temperature Difference

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External Cooling Loads

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 External Cooling Loads
The sum of all space instantaneous heat gains at any given time
does not necessarily (or even frequently) equal the cooling load for
the space at that same time.
The CLTD is a steady state representation of the complex heat
transfer involving actual temperature difference between indoors
and outdoors, mass and solar radiation by the building materials,
and the time of day.

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 External Cooling Loads
• We can find the value of CLTD from tables given in the ASHRAE
handbook and then use the formula to find corrected CLTD value.

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 External Cooling Loads
• In the table just shown notice:
1. The Month of the Year
2. The Latitude
3. Wall Number
4. Wall Orientation
5. Solar Hour

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 External Cooling Loads

• 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑐 = 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 + 𝐿𝑀 + 25.5 − 𝑇𝑟 + 𝑇𝑂 − 29.4 𝑓

Where, 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑐 is the corrected value of CLTD

LM is the color adjustment for light colored roof (take as 0 to ignore this effect)
𝑇𝑟 is the design room temperature
𝑇𝑂 is average outdoor temperature
𝑓 is attic fan factor (take as 1 to ignore this effect)

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 External Cooling Loads

• A similar approach is to be followed for the roof and

windows. The values for Area and Conductance (U) will be
different for these.
• Therefore, the resultant formula will become

• Total Load due to conduction = Conduction Load through

walls + Conduction Load through windows + Conduction
Load through the Roof

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External Cooling Loads

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 External Cooling Loads
• (2) Solar Heat Gain
• When solar rays impinge on a glass surface, some of the radiation
is reflected back, some is transmitted through the glass and some
is absorbed by the glass. The remaining radiation is refracted
slightly and goes on to heat the contents of the room.
• If there is external shading, such as with blinds or drapes or
shades, a portion of the radiation entering the room is confined to
the area immediately adjacent to the window and has a
diminished effect on the conditioning of the room.

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 External Cooling Loads
• All of these effects are accounted for to some degree by the
following relation for calculation of cooling loads due to solar
radiation
• Q = A(SC)(SCL)
• Where, A is the open glass area
• SC is the shading coefficient for various types of glasses and
shadings
• SCL is the Solar Cooling Load

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External Cooling Loads

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 External Cooling Loads
• Example: The corner room on the fifth floor of a ten story building
experiences exposure to sunlight without any shading. Its west
wall is 5 meters long with a 3m by 2m glass window and its north
wall is 4 meter long with a 2.5m by 2m glass window. The room is
3 meters in height. Taking reasonable assumptions, calculate only
the External Cooling Load for the room.

• External Cooling Load = Load due to conduction + Solar Heat

Gain

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 External Cooling Loads
• West Wall Area = (5 x 3) – (3 x 2) = 9 sq meters
• North Wall Area = (4 x 3) – (2.5 x 2) = 7 sq meters
• West glass Area = 3 x 2 = 6 sq meters
• North glass Area = 2.5 x 2 = 5 sq meters
• Conduction through walls = 9 × 𝑈𝑊 × 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑊 + 7 × 𝑈𝑊 × 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑁
• Conduction through glass = 6 × 𝑈𝐺 × 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑊 + 5 × 𝑈𝐺 × 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑁
• Total Load due to conduction =

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 Internal Cooling Loads
• (3) Occupancy Loads
• The people who occupy the building give off thermal energy
continuously, the rate of which depend on the level and type of
activity in which they are engaged.
• Q = (N)(G)(CLF)
• Where, N is the number of occupants
• G is the total heat gain depending on activity and time for entry
(W)
• CLF is the cooling load factor (dimensionless) for people.

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Internal Cooling Loads

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Internal Cooling Loads

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Internal Cooling Loads

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 Internal Cooling Loads
• Example: 100 people enter a theater to watch a two hour long
movie. Assuming Zone Type A, what will be the occupancy cooling
load after 2 hours and 3 hours?
• N = 100, G = 95, CLF = ?
• Cooling Load after 2 hours = 100 x 95 x 0.88 = 8360 W
• Cooling Load after 3 hours = 100 x 95 x 0.18 = 1710 W
• Load is low later because the people have left.

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 Internal Cooling Loads
• (4) Appliance/Lighting Loads
• Q = P(CLF)
• Where P is the input operating power rating of the appliance or
equipment (W)
• CLF is the cooling load factor (dimensionless) depending on
operating hours, room construction, and air circulation

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 Ventilation and Infiltration Loads
• (5) Ventilation Loads
• The ventilation is provided to the conditioned space in order to
minimize odor, concentration of smoke, carbon dioxide and other
undesirable contents so that the freshness of air can be
maintained.
• 𝑄 = 1.08 𝐶𝐹𝑀 𝑇𝑂 − 𝑇𝐶
• Where, CFM is Ventilation air flow rate
• 𝑇𝑂 is the outside dry bulb temperature and
• 𝑇𝐶 is the dry bulb temperature of the air leaving the cooling coil

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Ventilation and Infiltration Loads

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 Ventilation and Infiltration Loads
• (6) Infiltration Loads
• Design tables give the infiltration air quantity for various types of
doors/ windows, for observable cracks and for infiltration due to
the opening of the doors. This load is generally ignored as this
can be merged with the load due to fresh air intake for ventilation.

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 Review

Description Load (kW)

Load due to Conduction

External Loads Solar Heat Gain through
Glass
Occupancy Load
Internal Loads
Electrical Equipment

Ventilation/Infiltration Loads

Net Cooling Load (kW)

Net Cooling Load (Tones)

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Thank You!

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