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Introduction to surveying

and leveling
 Surveying is the art and sciences of determining of the relative position of
different points or stations on the surface of the earth by measuring the
horizontal and vertical distances, angle, and taking in details of this points
and by preparing map or plan for the suitable scale.

 Leveling is the branch of surveying which deals with the measurement


of the relative highest of different points on or below the surface of the
earth.

 Surveying include measurements of distance and angles in horizontal and


vertical plane and leveling is the measurements of highest in vertical plane.
• It also includes measurement of area and volumes.

• Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to some scale. It is carried


out to fix alignment of road, railway and canal etc.

• Chain, tape, compass, level and theodolite are instruments use for
surveying. Surveying fixes the relative position of different points and station on the
surface of the earth.

• It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structure.

• Electronics total station and Global Positioning System (GPS) are the modern
electronic digital instruments for the surveying work.

• Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are adopted for
Surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects.
OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING

 The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show relative


position of points or the object on the surface of the earth.

 The map or plan is draw to some suitable scale. It shows the


boundaries of districts, state and countries too.

 It is also include details of different engineering features such as


building, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
USES OF SURVEYING
Surveying may be use for the following
properties
 To prepare the contour map
 To prepare an engineering map
 To prepare cadastral map
 To prepare military map
 To prepare geological map, archeological
map etc.
PRIMARY DIVISION OF SURVEYING

 We know that the shape of surface of earth is spherical.


 Thus, the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is primarily
divided into two types considering the curvature of earth’s surface.

1. Plans Surveying
2. Geodetic surveying
Plane surveying& Geodetic
surveying
Different between plan surveying and geodetic surveying

NO. Plan surveying Geodetic surveying


1. The earth surface is considered The earth surface is considered as a
as a plane surface. curved surface
2. The curvature of earth surface The curvature of earth surface is
is ignored. taken in account.
3. Line joining any two points is Line joining any two points is
considered to be straight. considered to be curve.
4. The triangle formed by any The triangle formed by any three
three points is considered as a points is considered as a spherical
plane triangle. triangle.
5. The angle of triangle is The angle of triangle is considered
considered as plane angle. as spherical angle.
6. Carried out for a small area Carried out for a large area
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF
SURVEYING

Two basic principles of surveying

i. Always work from the whole to the part


ii. To locate a new station by at least two measurement form fixed
reference points
1.Always work from the
whole to the part
2.To locate a new station by at least
two measurements from fixed
Classification of
Surveying

Based on
Based on Based on Based on
nature of
Instrument Methods Purposes
field
Classification based upon
Instrument
1. Chain Survey
2. Compass Survey
3. Chain and Compass Surveying
4. Plane Table Survey
5. Theodolite Survey
6. Tachometry Survey
7. Leveling Survey
8. Photogrammetric Survey
9. EDM Survey
The chain surveying

This is the simplest type of


surveying in which only linear
measurement are made with a
chain or a tape. Angular
measurement are not taken.
The compass survey

It has very important and critical


application in the military. Aerial
surveys are conducted for this
purpose. It is conducted to locate
strategic positions for the purpose
of army operations.
Chain or compass survey

compass

chain
It is a graphical method of surveying in which field
works and plotting both are done simultaneously
The theodolite survey

In theodolite survey, the


horizontal angles are measured
with theodolite more precisely
than compass and the linear
measurement made with a chain
or tape.
In theodolite survey, the
horizontal angles are measured
with a theodolite more precisely
than compass and the linear
measurements are made with a
chain or a tape.
A special type of theodolite known as tachometer is used
to determine Horizontal and vertical distance indirectly.
This type of survey is used
to determine the vertical
distances
and relative Heights of
points with the help of an
instrument
known as level.
Photogrammetric is the sciences of taking
measurement with the help of the photographs taken by
aerial camera from the air craft.
In this type of survey, all
measurements are made
with the help of EDM
instrument.
Classification based on
Methods

1. Triangulation
2. Traversing
Classification based on
Purpose

1. Geological Survey
2. Mine Survey
3. Archaeological Survey
4. Military Survey
classification based on
nature of field

1. Land survey
2. Hydrographic survey
3. Astronomic survey
4. Aerial survey
PLANS AND MAPS

One of the basic objectives of surveying is to


prepare plans and maps.
Plan
 A plan is the graphical representation, to some scale,
of the features on, near or below the surface of the
earth as projected on a horizontal plane.
 The horizontal plane is represented by the plan of
the drawing sheet on which the plan is drawn to
some scale.
 However, the surface of the earth is curved; it can
not be truly represented on a plan without
distortion. In plane surveying, the areas involved are
small, the earth’s surface may be considered as a
plane and hence a plan is constructed by
orthographic projections.
MAP
If the scale of the graphical projection on a
horizontal plane is small, the plane is called a
map. Thus graphical representation is called
a plan if the scale is large while it is called a
map if the scale is small.
SCALE
It is the basic requirement for the preparation
of plans or maps.
Scale is used to represent large distance on
paper. The ratio by which the actual length of
the object is reduced or increased in the
drawing is known as ‘scale’.
For an example, if 1 cm on a map represents a
distance of 10 meters on the ground, the
scale of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.
Representative Fraction
(RF)
 The ratio of the distance on the drawing to
the corresponding actual length of the object
on the ground is known as the representative
fraction. i.e.

RF= distance of object on drawing


corresponding actual distance of object
on ground
Types of scales

 Plain scale
 Diagonal scale
 Chord scale
 Vernier scale
Plain scale
Diagonal scale
Vernier scale

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