Pengetahuan Dasar Batubara

Batubara termasuk dalam batuan sedimen yang

dibentuk dari hasil pengubahan sisa-sisa tumbuh-
tumbuhan yang terjadi selama puluhan atau ratusan juta
tahun.
Sesuai dengan bahan asalnya batubara terdiri dari
elemen-elemen arang (karbon), oksigen, belerang,
hidrogen, dan beberapa mineral logam dalam bentuk
dan jumlah bayangan (traces). Dengan demikian
kualitas batubara tergantung dari jenis bahan asalnya
dan peningkatan mutu oleh faktor geologi termasuk
gradien geotermal dan sebagainya.
 COMPOSITION OF COAL
COAL

Pure Coal
Mineral Matter Moisture
(C,H,N,O,S,N, Trace elements)

Inherent Adherent
Ash LOI Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Moisture Moisture

LOI : loss on ignition

 Kandungan Unsur Kimia Dalam
Batubara

Secara kimia, batubara tersusun atas tiga komponen

utama, yaitu:

1. Air yang terikat secara fisika dan dapat dihilangkan

pada suhu sampai 105 o C disebut Moisture;

2. Senyawa batubara atau coal substance atau coal

matter;

3. Zat mineral atau mineral matter

 SKEMA SUSUNAN KIMIA BATUBARA

Free
Moisture
Total
Moisture
Residual
Moisture

Volatile
Matter

Organic
Matter
(pure
coal)

Fixed
Carbon

Volatil
Mineral e
MM
Matter

Ash

Dry Raw Pure

Raw Coal Air-
Coal Coke Coke
dry
Coal
Moisture terdiri dari satu senyawa kimia tunggal ,
wujudnya dapat berbentuk air dalam batubara,
berbentuk senyawa teradsorpsi, dan sebagai senyawa
yang terikat secara kimia.
Sebagian dari moisture merupakan komponen dari zat
mineral dan tidak terikat pada batubara.

Moisture yang datang dari luar yaitu pada waktu

batubara ditambang, diangkut atau kehujanan selama
penyimpanan disebut Free Moisture (moisture jenis ini
dapat dihilangkan dengan cara dikering-udarakan)

Total Moisture adalah penjumlahan dari free

moisture dan moisture in air-dried sample atau residual
moisture
Proses Pembentukan Endapan Batubara
Tahapan Dalam Proses Pembentukan Batubara
• TIDAK TERBARUKAN

• TERJADINYA DITENTUKAN OLEH PROSES

GEOLOGI:
- SIFAT KIMIA DAN FISIKA TERTENTU
- KUANTITAS DAN KUALITAS TIDAK MERATA
- PENYEBARAN DAN BENTUK TIDAK TERATUR
( TIDAK MENGENAL BATAS ADMINISTRASI )

• UMUMNYA MEMPUNYAI RISIKO TINGGI YANG

MEMERLUKAN TAHAPAN KEGIATAN
SISTIMATIK
PEMETAAN GEOLOGI, PENYELIDIKAN UMUM,
EKSPLORASI, STUDI KELAYAKAN,
KONSTRUKSI, EKSPLOITASI, PENGOLAHAN
DAN TRANSPORTASI

• NILAI EKONOMINYA SANGAT DIPENGARUHI

OLEH TEKNOLOGI, POLEKSOSBUD, KEBIJAKAN
FISKAL, INDUSTRI, PASAR DAN GEOGRAFI
( INFRASTRUKTUR / LOKASI )
 Tangse
(Cu)
N
Cu

Bangkinang
(Sn)
G. Bawang
Bulagidun
(Cu,Au)
Loloda 0
 300 600
(Mo) Ratatotok (Cu,Mn)
Tapadaa Kilometer
Malala (Au)
(Cu) Tanjung Buli
(Mo) (Ni, Co)
Singkep
(Sn) Gosowong P. Gebe
Sn

Kelian( Au) 9

3
Sn
S. Liat & Belinyu G. Pani (Au) (Ni,Co)
(Sn) (Au, Cu) 11

Peg. Cycloop
Sekko (Ni,Co)
6
Kaputusan
Sn

(Cu) Soroako (Cu)

Lebong Tandai MT. Muro
(Au, Ag)
Sn

(Ni, Co)
(Au,Ag)
Rawas
Kelapa Kampit Pomala Au

(Au) Barru
(Sn) (Ni,Co)
Cempaka (Cr) Grasberg
G. Pongkor Meratus (Cu, Au)
(Pt) Sangkaropi G. Bij ih
(Au,Ag) (Ni) Lerokis/Kalikuning (Cu, Au)
(Cu)
Lampung Baturape (Pb) (Au, Ag)
(Au) Cikotok
(Au)
Cibuniasih
(Pb, Au) Selogiri Sanenrej o
(Au) (Cu, Au) Batuhij au
Salopa/Cineam (Cu,Au)
BUSU (Au)
R MA
GMAT
IK SUNDA - BANDA
KETERANGAN
Vulkanik Kuarter Sedimen dan Vulkanik Ni-Co dalam batuan Ultramafik
Paleozoikum - Mesozoikum Keterdapatan Mineral
Vulkanik Tersier Au-Cu dalam batuan Asam-Intermediet
Sedimen dan Vulkanik Tambang Aktif
Mesozoikum - Kenozoikum Cr-Fe dalam batuan Ultramafik
Vulkanik Pra Tersier

Granit Tersier Bauksit-Timah dalam Granit

Granit Pra Tersier Au- Cu - Mo Porpiri dalam batuan Granit

Batuan Basa-Ultrabasa

Sedimen Tersier-Kuarter

SIMPLIKASI ZONA MINERALISASI BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN BATUAN INDUK (DIADOPSI DARI BEBERAPA SUMBER)
 Busur Aceh

Tangse Busur Sulawesi Timur - Mindanau N

(Cu)


Busur Kalimantan Tengah
Cu
Busur Halmahera

Bangkinang Bulagidun 0 600250 500

G. Bawang Loloda 0 300
(Sn) (Cu,Au)
(Mo) Ratatotok (Cu,Mn) Kilometer
Tapadaa Kilometer
Malala (Cu) (Au)
Tanjung Buli
(Mo) (Ni, Co)
Singkep Busur Irianjaya Tengah
(Sn) Gosowong P. Gebe
Sn

Kelian( Au)
3
Sn
S. Liat & Belinyu G. Pani (Au) (Ni,Co)
(Sn) (Au, Cu) Peg. Cycloop
Sekko (Ni,Co)
Kaputusan
Sn

(Cu) Soroako (Cu)

Lebong Tandai MT. Muro
(Au, Ag)
Sn

(Ni, Co)
(Au,Ag)
Rawas
Kelapa Kampit Pomala Au

(Au) Barru
(Sn) (Ni,Co)
Sumatera - Meratus ArcCempaka (Cr) Grasberg
G. Pongkor Meratus (Cu, Au)
(Pt) Sangkaropi G. Bij ih
(Au,Ag) (Ni) Lerokis/Kalikuning (Cu, Au)
Busur Sumatera - Meratus (Cu)
Lampung Baturape (Pb) (Au, Ag)
(Au)
Cikotok
(Au)

Selogiri Sanenrej o
(Au) (Cu, Au) Batuhij au
Salopa/Cineam (Cu,Au)
(Au)
Busur Sunda - Banda

KETERANGAN
MIOSEN AKHIR - PLIOSEN
Keterdapatan Mineral

PALEOSEN - TERSIER TENGAH

Tambang aktif

KAPUR AKHIR

PENYEBARAN BUSUR MAGMATIK BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MINERALISASI DI INDONESIA

 RISIKO DAN BIAYA EKSPLORASI
SUMBERDAYA MINERAL DAN
RISIKO BATUBARA BIAYA
WILAYAH
SURVAI
TINJAU
100 %
N Ha

WILAYAH
40 CADANGAN
PERTAMBANGAN
<10 %
20 N Ha
10
0 2 5 7 WAKTU (TH)

SURVAI DASAR PENYELIDIKAN EKSPLORASI STUDI KONSTRUKSI

GEOLOGI UMUM KELAYAKAN DAN EKSPLOITASI
SUMBERDAYA
CADANGAN
ENDAPAN SUMBERDAYA TERTUNJUK/ CADANGAN
LAYAK TAMBANG
HIPOTETIK TEREKA TERUKUR TERBUKTI
Klasifikasi Sumber Daya dan Cadangan PBB
 Classification of Coals
Scientific classification

Coalification High Low

Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Brown-Coal Peat

Commercial classification

Utilization Coking coal for coke and gas

Stream coal for power generation
Anthacite for briquetting
 Scientific Classification
Classification Contents Etc.
Vitrinte mean random refrectance (%)
Rank ECE-UN
Gross calorific value (MJ/kg)

Petrographic Maceral group analysis

ECE-UN
Content (vitirnite,liptinite,mmf volume %)

Grade Ash (mineral matter) content (%,db) ECE-UN

C% Carbon content (% daf)

Geological era Paleozoic, Jurassiera

Original plants Terrestrial, aqua plant

 Scientific Classification
ESE-UN in Seam Coal Classification, 1993

R
Meta > 4.0
High Rank Antharacite Ortho 2.5-4.0
Semi 2.0-2.5

Meta 1.4-2.0

Medium Rank Bituminous Ortho 1.0-1.4

Semi 0.6-1.0

Sub-bituminous 0.4-0.6
Low Rank
Lignite 0.4<
R : Reflectance of vitrinite
 Commercial Classification
1. Standard for coal classification
International classification

2. For utilization
Stream Coal, Coking Coal, Anthracite

3. By size
Run-of-mine Coal > 50 mm
Lump Coal 38-50 mm
Coarse Grain Coal 25-37 mm
Fine Grain Coal <25 mm
Small Coal >1-3 mm
Very Fine Coal < 3 mm
Proved Recoverable Reserves
WEC 1998
[Mtonnes]
Bituminous Sub- Lignite Total Share (%)
+ Anthracite bituminous
USA 111,338 97,472 33,327 246,643 25.1

Russian 49,008 33,700 10,450 157,010 16.0

Chinna 62,200 1,900 18,600 114,500 11.6

Australia 47,300 -- 41,200 90,400 9.2

India 72,733 -- 2,000 74,733 7.6

South Africa 55,333 -- -- 55,333 5.6

Germany 24,000 -- 43,000 67,000 6.8

Others 8,749 43,971 47,122 178,592 18.1

Word Total 509,491 279,021 195,699 984,211 100

 Coal and Their Uses
High High

Carbon/Energy Content Moisture Content

Coal
(%:World Reserves)

Hard Coal Low Rank Coal

50% 50%

Anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite

-1% 49% 19% 31%

Metallurgical Thermal
(Coking Coal) (Steam Coal)

Domestic/ Manufacture Power Generation Largely power

Uses Industrial of iron and stell Cement manufacture
generation smokeless fuel Industrial isues
 Basis of Analysis
Received/sampled/dispatched base

Air dried base (a.d.)

Dried base (d.b.)

Dry,ash-free base (d.a.f.)

Dry,mineral-matter-free (d.m.m.f.)

Adherent
Ash LOI Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Inherent Moisture
Moisture

Mineral Matter Pure Coal (C,H,N,O,S,etc) Moisture

COAL
LOI : loss on ignition
 Coal Analysis by Different Base
As received Dry basis Dry, ash free
Proximate Analysis (wt%)
Moisture 3.4 --- ---
Ash 9.5 9.8 ---
Volatile Matter 20.6 21.3 23.7
Fixed Carbon 66.5 68.9 76.4
Ultimate Analysis (wt%)
Carbon 77.29 80.00 88.69
Hydrogen 4.59 4.36 4.83
Oxygen 5.61 2.69 2.99
Nitrogen 1.73 1.79 1.98
Sulfur 1.31 1.36 1.51
Calorific Value (MJ/kg)
Gross 31.68 32.79 36.15
 Classification of Coal in Use
Steam Coal Direct use Pulverized coal combustion
Fluidized bed combustion
Stoker combustion
Pulverized coal injection

Processing CWM Atomizing combustion

CCS Pulverizing coal combustion

Conversion Gasification Combined cycle generation

Raw material for chemicals

Liquefaction Alternative fuel

Coking Coal Carbonization Coke Iron making

Tar Raw material for chemicals

Anthracite Carbon material, Briquette

 Example of Coal Quality for Power Generation

Evaluation Items Unit Limit

Gross calorific value (a.d.) Kcal/kg > 6,200
Total moisture (a.d.) Wt% < 20
Fuel ratio (FC/VM) --- < 2.2
Nitrogen (d.b.) Wt% < 1.7
Total sulfure Wt% < 1.0
Size distribution(-2mm) Wt% < 30
Ash / Initial deformation temp. °C > 1,150
Ash / Hemisphere temp. °C > 1,150
Na2O in ash Wt% < 2.0
Basicity of ash (CaO+MgO) / Fe2O3 --- < 1.0
Ash electric resistivity Ohm-cm < 1013
Coal Properties Required for Combustion

Chemical Properties : Ash Properties :

1. Total moisture 1. Ash composition
2. Ash content 2. Ash fusion temperature
3. Volatile matter 3. Slagging and fouling Indices
4. Calorific value 4. Ash electric resistivity
5. Sulfur content
6. Chlorine content Physical Properties :
7. Trace element 1. HGI
8. Swelling and agglomerating 2. Abrasion index
behavior 3. Friability
9. Reflectance and petrographic 4. Dustiness
content
 Evaluation Indices for Combustion
Evaluation Items
Combustibility (burn out)
NOx emissions
Slagging property
Heat transfer property
Electrostatic precipitability
Grindability
Handling property
Spontaneous combustibility
Coal dust dispersion
Indices
Fuel ratio (FC/VM), VM
Nitrogen content, Fuel ratio
Ash fusion temp.,B/A ratio, Slagging index
(Slagging&Fouling property)
Ash composition, Particle size profile,
Intrinsic electric resistance
HGI
Moisture, Particle size profile, Fine particle
O/C, VM, Fuel ratio
Moisture, HGI, Fine particle
Coal Properties for Other Uses
1. Gasification
More active sites
Higher porosity
Higher calcium content
Low ash fusion temperature
2. Liquefaction
High volatile matter
High vitrinite content
Low ash content
High ash fusion temperature
Environmental Impact of Coal
3. Steel-making
1) Chemical properties
2) Rheological properties
3) Petrographical composition
4) Coke strength prediction
Environmental Impact of Coal
1. Coal production
Dust, Mine waste disposal, Mine water drainage
2. Coal preparation
Solid waste disposal, Liquid waste disposal,
Noise and vibration, Process water,
Particulate and gaseous effluents
3. Coal transportation and storage
Dust, Pipeline slurry, Spontaneous combustion,
Surface water run - off
4. Coal utilization
CO2, SOx, NOx, Solid waste disposal
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
NOx, Sox, Dust Trace Element

Present Regulation Present Regulation (ash Disposal)

NOx ≈ 20 ~ 50 ppm Pd < 0.3 mg/l, Cd < 0.3 mg/l

SOx ≈ 20 ~ 50 ppm Se < 0.3 mg/l, Hg < 0.005 mg/l
Dust ≈ 10 ~ 20 mg/Nm3 As < 0.3 mg/l, Cr < 1.5 mg/l

Future Regulation Future Regulation

NOx ≤ 10 ppm
SOx ≤ 10 ppm Waste Water B, F, Ni, Mo,…….
Dust ≤ 10 mg/Nm3 Air Pollution Cl, F, Hg

Triple Ten
CHANGE OF REQUIRED COAL QUALITY

√ At Present √ In The Future

Customer Needs Customer Needs

 Decrease of fuel cost Decrease of fuel cost
 Expansion of supplying country New environ mental regulation

Required Coal Quality Required Coal Quality

 Low sulfur and nitrogen Low rank coal
 High volatile matter Low Na, Ca
 Non-trouble handling Low Cl, F, Trace elements(Se….)

Combustion Process Combustion Process

 Pulverized coal combustion PFBC
 Fluidized bed combustion IGCC etc