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Sehari sebelum operasi
Pasien Orientasi ke ruang ICU
Tujuan:
Mengurangi kecemasan
Agar pasien dapat beradaptasi dengan
lingkungan
Agar pasien dapat bekerjasama saat
dikomunikasikan bila ada tindakan yang
akan dilakukan,misalnya ;suction dll
Menghindari hal hal yang tidak
diinginkan, misalnya terekstubasi sendiri,
cabut selang selang infus dsb
Melibatkan klg dalam hal pencegahan
nasokomial infeksi
Persiapan Alat
Tempat tidur siap dgn set alat Flowsheet untuk pencatatan
tenun yang bersih
Suction untuk chest tube, NGT, Formulir pemeriksaan lainnya
ETT Water pas/ pipa U kalibrasi
Ventilator dan oksigen untuk Mesin rekam EKG
pasien ekstubasi ,Resusitasi bag
Tranduser dan kabel untuk Bak spuit tempat persiapan
Monitor hemodinamik pengambilan sampel darah dan botol
Peralatan Cardiac output pemeriksaan lab
IV pumps
Ekstension tubing
Selimut Warm air dan mesin
Pulse oksimetri
Stetescope
Early complications
Umumnya masalah tambahan segera pasien tiba di ICU
tersebut adalah:
Hypotensi
Gangguan irama jantung
Gangguan ventilasi
Perdarahan
hipertensi
Pengkajian Kardiovaskular
Riwayat Preop:
• Hipertensi/ Hipotensi
• Hasil Catheterisasi jantung Ejection Frection ?
• Cardiac Output
• EKG ?
• DM ?
Intra Operative:
• Status hemodinamik
• Cardiac Output
• Ada masalah perdarahan
• Hb terakhir di kamar bedah brp? Astrup dan Elektrolit terakhir di
kamar bedah?
• Intake dan output ?
Post operasi di ICU
Pengkajian K V Observasi tiap ½jam-6 jam pertama
psn msk, lalu tiap jam bila stabil
Segera tiba di ICU
Hubungkan EKG monitor ke pasien,
hbgk tranduser AL ke monitor, hbgk
tranduser CVP ke monitor, hbgk
tranduser PA ke monitor, psg probe
CO, pasang probe suhu
Pastikan status volume cairan
Kaliberasi dengan menentukan titik
nol pasien pada mid axila di sela iga
keempat & tranduser
Hbgk low suction di dinding dg botol
penampung drainage & segera di ukur
dengan memberi tanda batas akhir
Catat hasil atau nilai yang ada di
monitor
Basic Hemodynamic
Monitoring
BHM 9
®
Arterial Cannulation
Indications
Multiple arterial blood
samples
Continuous blood pressure
Sites
Complications
Hematoma/blood loss
Thrombosis/distal ischemia
Arterial injury
Infection
Waveform Distortions
Underdamped Overdamped
Central Venous Cannulation
Indications
Measure central venous pressure
Access for resuscitation
Drug administration
Placement of pulmonary artery catheter
Complications
Hematoma/vessel injury/blood loss
Pneumothorax/hemothorax
Cardiac arrhythmias
Infection
Pulmonary Artery Catheter
CVP and PAOP measure
end-diastolic pressure
Estimate of end-diastolic
volume
Volume/pressure
relationship affected by
ventricular compliance
Assessment Goals
•
Balance of O2 supply (DO2) and O2 demand (VO2)
• require invasive monitoring with
Determinations
pulmonary artery catheter
Arterial and venous O2 content
Cardiac output
Appropriate expertise required
Assessment Goals •
• supply (DO2) and/or oxygen demand
Evaluate if oxygen
(VO2) are abnormal or imbalanced
O2 supply
•
DO2 = cardiac output CaO2 10
CaO2 = (Hgb x 1.37 x SaO2) + (0.003 PaO2)
O2 consumption
•
VO2= cardiac output (CaO2 - CvO2)–x 10
– 2 = (Hgb 1.37 SvO2)– + (0.003 PvO2)
CvO
Determinants of Cardiac Output
afterload contractility
Cardiac
Output
preload heart
rate
RESUSITASI RUMATAN
Iskemi jaringan
Kegagalan organ
Optimize Oxygenation
O2 extraction O2 utilisation
O2 uptake O2 transport
ScvO2
Cardiac Output Arterial Oxygen
Content
Stroke Heart
Volume Rate
Oxgenation Hemoglobin
SaO2 Hb
Preload After Load Contractiliy
- GEDI - SVRI - GEF
- SW - CFI
- PPV - dPmx
Pulmonary edema
- ELVI
- PVPI
- + -Vasopressors + - Inotropes + - +
Volume Red Blood Cells
ADEQUATE OXYGEN TRANSPORT
Rumus Nuun-Freeman untuk Oxygen Delivery-Available O2
CO ( HR x SV) x O2 content (Hb x SaO2 x 1,34) + (pO2 x 0,003 )
Bila disederhanakan :
CO x Hb x SaO2 x 1,34
Av. O2 = 2 x 15 x 100% x 1,34 = 40,2
Av. O2 = 4 x 7,5 x 100% x 1,34 = 40,2
Fluid challenge (kolaborasi):
Jumlah cairan kristaloid per bolus = 20 ml/kg BB
Berikan cepat ! 10 -30 mnt
INOTROPIK
Hubungkan low suction ke WSD
Prevent air & fluid from returning to the
pleural space
Most basic concept
Tube open to
atmosphere
vents air
Straw attached to chest
Tube from
tube from patient is
patient
placed under 2cm of
fluid (water seal)
Just like a straw in a
drink, air can push
through the straw, but
air can’t be drawn back
up the straw
Prevent air & fluid from returning to the
pleural space
Tube open to
For drainage, a second
atmosphere
vents air Tube from
bottle was added
patient
The first bottle collects
the drainage
The second bottle is the
water seal
2cm Fluid With an extra bottle for
fluid drainage
drainage, the water seal
will then remain at 2cm
Restore negative pressure in the pleural space
Tube to Tube open to
vacuu atmosphere
m vents air
Tube from
source
patient
Straw
under 20
Fluid
cmH2O
drainage
Suction control 2cm fluid water seal Collection bottle
Restore negative pressure in the pleural
space
The depth of the
water in the suction
bottle determines the
amount of negative
pressure that can be
transmitted to the
chest, NOT the
reading on the
vacuum regulator
How a chest drainage system works
Expiratory positive pressure from the patient helps
push air and fluid out of the chest (cough, Valsalva)
Gravity helps fluid drainage as long as the chest
drainage system is below the level of the chest
Suction can improve the speed at which air and fluid are
pulled from the chest
From bottles to a box To suction From patient
from
patient
Pastikan kesadaran
pasien dg cara
memanggil nama pasien
atau menganjurkan
pasien untuk
menggerakkan tangan /
kaki
Pastikan waktu
pemberian sedasi atau
relaksan yang terakhir
Pengkajian Sistem Renal