Heat, Temperature,

Heat Transfer, Thermal

Expansion &
Thermodynamics
 Heat vs.
Temperature
• Heat • Temperature
• A form of energy • Avg. Kinetic Energy
• Measured in of the particles
calories or Joules • Measured in C, F, K
• There is no • “hot” & “cold are
“coldness” energy relative terms
• Any object with • Absolute zero is zero
temperature above Kelvin
zero Kelvin has
heat energy
 Heat Transfer
1.Conduction - requires direct contact or
particle to particle transfer of energy;
usually occurs in solids
2.Convection - heat moves in currents; hot
air rises and cold air falls; only occurs in
fluids (liquids and gases)
3.Radiation – electromagnetic (heat)
waves travel through empty space, no
matter is needed; sun
Thermal Equilibrium
• A system is in thermal
equilibrium when all of its
parts are at the same
temperature.
• Heat transfers only from
high to low temperatures
and only until thermal
equilibrium is reached.
 Temperature Scales
• There are four temperature scales –
Celsius (Centigrade), Kelvin, Fahrenheit
• Celsius, C – metric temp. scale
• Fahrenheit, F – customary (english)
temp. scale
• Kelvin, K – metric absolute zero temp.
scale
• Rankine, R – english absolute temp.
scale
 Comparing Temperature
Scales
(All temperatures listed are for water)
• Freezing = 0°C = 273 K = 32°F
• Boiling = 100°C = 373 K = 212 °F

Conversions between Scales

°F = 1.8 x°C+32 = 9/5 °C + 32
°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8 = 5/9 (°F – 32)
K = °C + 273 or °C = K - 273
 Change of State
vaporization
Heat of
100 fusion
condensation

melting Heat of
0 vaporization
freezing
-20
Increasing Heat Energy (Joules)
As heat is added to a substance it will either be absorbed to
raise the temperature OR to change the state of matter.
It can NEVER do both at the same time!
Temperature will NOT change during a phase change!
 Specific Heat
The amount of heat energy needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gram (or kg) of a
substance by 1°C (or 1 K).
Substances with higher specific heats, such
as water, change temperature more slowly.

Symbol : c units : cal/(g°C) or J/(kg°C)

For water: c = 4.186 J/(g°C) = 4186 J/(kg°C)

or c = 1 cal/ (g°C)
Latent Heat
(Latent) Heat of fusion – the heat energy
needed to melt (solid→liquid) or freeze
(liquid → solid) one gram (or kg) of a
substance.
For water: Hf =334,000 J/kg or 80 cal/g

(Latent) Heat of vaporization – the heat

energy needed to vaporize (liquid→gas)
or condense (gas→liquid) one gram (or
kg) of a substance.
For water: Hv = 2.26 x 106 J/kg or 540 cal/g
 Heat Calculations
Temperature Phase Change
Change
Q = mHf Q = mHv
Q = mcΔT Q = heat absorbed or released
Q = heat absorbed or m = mass of substance
released, J changing phase, kg
m = mass of substance being Hf = heat of fusion, J/kg
heated, kg (liquid solid)
c = specific heat of substance, H = heat of vaporization, J/kg
v
J/(kg°C) J/kg (liquid gas)
ΔT = change in temp.,°C or K
Melting & Boiling Point

• Melting or Freezing Point – the

temperature at which a substance
melts or freezes. Water: 0°C
• Boiling or Condensation Point – the
temperature at which a substance
vaporizes or condenses. Water:
100°C
• For other substances, refer to your
chart.
Thermal Expansion
• Substances expand as they heat and
contract as they cool.
• The rate of expansion depends on
the substance’s coefficient of
expansion ( α for linear, β for
volume)
• The exception to this rule is water.
As water is cooled from 4°C to 0°C, it
expands which explains why ice
floats (it is less dense than water).
Thermodynamics

The study of changes in

thermal properties of
matter
 0th Law of
Thermodynamics
•Heat will be transferred
between objects until
thermal equilibrium
(same temperature) is
reached.
1st Law of
Thermodynamics
• Conservation of energy
• Energy can not created
or destroyed but can
change forms.
• Thermal energy can be
transferred from one
substance to another.
 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics
• Natural (spontaneous) processes
tend to increase the total entropy
(disorder) of the universe.
• Entropy increases when heat is
added to a body and decreases
when heat is removed.
• Heat flows naturally from a hot
body to a cold body.
 3 law of
rd

Thermodynamics

• As the temperature of
an object approaches
absolute zero (0 Kelvin),
its entropy and kinetic
energy approach zero.
Heat engines
• Convert thermal energy to
mechanical energy
• Require high temp heat source
and low temp heat sink. (Takes
advantage of heat transfer
process)
• Examples: Steam engine,
Automobile engine
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
• It is possible to remove heat from
a cold environment and deposit it
into a warmer environment.
• This requires an outside source of
energy.
• Examples: Refrigerators,
Air conditioning units
• Heat pumps are refrigeration units
that work in either direction.