Moving to 3G

• faster and higher quality networks started

supporting better services like video calling,
video streaming, mobile gaming and fast
Internet browsing, it resulted in the
introduction of the 3rd generation mobile
telecommunication standard (UMTS).

• 3G network were developed to offer high

speed data and multimedia connectivity to
subscribers
Evolution of cellular technologies
 3G Overview
• 3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000
IMT-2000, “International Mobile Telecommunications”

• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

• CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000
• UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
• time division duplex- code division multiple access
• Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
• Universal Wireless Communications
• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
 Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery

3G-specific services take Broadband

advantage of higher bandwidth in wide area
and/or real-time QoS Video sharing
Video telephony
A number of mobile Real-time IP
services are bearer Multitasking multimedia and games
independent in nature WEB browsing Multicasting
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Voice & SMS Presence/location
Push-to-talk
Typical
average bit GSM GPRS EGPRS WCDMA HSDPA
rates 9.6 171 473 2 1-10
(peak rates
higher) kbps kbps kbps Mbps Mbps
 GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

GSM mprovement in data rate on short distances
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one timeslot) Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
GSM Data Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Also called CSD Can also be combined with HSCSD

GSM GPRS
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
 UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out
by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
– 144 kbps for rural
– 384 kbps for urban outdoor
– 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
 UMTS Frequency Spectrum
• UMTS Band
– 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission
– In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be
used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.
 UMTS Architecture
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM

EIR HLR AUC PLMN

RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM

UTRAN
+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

 Gateway GPRS support node
(GGSN)[
• Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
• The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a
main component of the GPRS network. The
GGSN is responsible for the internetworking
between the GPRS network and external
packet switched networks, like the Internet
• From an external network's point of view, the
GGSN is a router to a "sub-network", because
the GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from
the external network.
 Gateway GPRS support node
(GGSN)[
• When the GGSN receives data addressed to a
specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it
is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN
serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user
is inactive, the data is discarded. On the other
hand, mobile-originated packets are routed to
the right network by the GGSN.
• The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the
mobility of the user terminal in the
GPRS/UMTS networks
 Gateway GPRS support node
(GGSN)[
• The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming
from the SGSN into the appropriate packet
data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25)
and sends them out on the corresponding
packet data network
Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)

• A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is

responsible for the delivery of data packets
from and to the mobile stations within its
geographical service area.
• Its tasks include packet routing and transfer,
mobility management (attach/detach and
location management), authentication and
charging functions. The location register of the
SGSN stores location information.
 UMTS Network Architecture
• UMTS network architecture consists of three
domains
– Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and
transit for user traffic
– UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN):
Provides the air interface access method for user
equipment.
– User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface
counterpart for base stations. The various identities
are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV
 UTRAN
• Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air
interface
• Base stations are referred to as Node-B and control
equipment for Node-B is called as Radio Network Controller
(RNC).
– Functions of Node-B are
• Air Interface Tx/Rx
• Modulation/Demodulation
– Functions of RNC are:
• Radio Resource Control
• Channel Allocation
• Power Control Settings
• Handover Control
• Ciphering
• Segmentation and reassembly
 3.5G (HSPA)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA
protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future.
 4G (LTE)
• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
• Next Generation mobile broadband
technology
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic
LTE
 Background of LTE

key requirements was defined for the new system

• Packet-switched domain optimization
• Roundtrip time between server and user equipment (UE) must be
bellow 30ms and access delay below 300 ms
• Uplink peak rate 75 Mbps
• Downlink peak rate 300Mbps
• Improvements to mobility and security
• Terminal power efficiency improvements
• Capacity increase compared to 3GPP release 6 (HSDPA/HSUPA
Comparison of LTE Speed
HSPA vs LTE
Advantages of LTE
 Major LTE Radio Technogies
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for
enhanced throughput
• Reduced power consumption
 OFDMA & SC-FDMA
• The LTE air interface uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM). Also to reach the agreed data levels
multiple input / multiple output (MIMO)
• technologies, together with high rate modulation
• OFDMA is used in the downlink of LTE but for the uplink Single
Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
• OFDM-based technology was chosen for the following reason
– it can achieve the targeted high data rates with simpler
implementations involving relatively low cost and power-
efficient hardware
 multiple input / multiple output (MIMO)

• To minimize the effects of noise and to

increase the spectrum utilization and link
reliability LTE uses MIMO technique to send
the data. The basic idea of MIMO is to use
multiple antennas at receiver end and use
multiple transmitters when sending the data
 LTE impact on network architecture

• The LTE network architecture is an overall flat

architecture
• It consists of an e-Node B and SAE gateway. This
network is based on a TCP/IP protocol with higher
service levels like voice, video, messaging, etc. built
on it.
• Based on this, feasibility studies related to All IP
networks (AIPNs) were started in 2004 by the 3GPP
LTE Architecture
 LTE vs UMTS
• Functional changes compared to the current
UMTS architecture
 LTE Release 8 Key Features (1/2)
• High spectral efficiency
– OFDM in Downlink
– Single‐Carrier FDMA in Uplink
• Very low latency
– Short setup time & Short transfer delay
– Short hand over latency and interruption time
• Support of variable bandwidth
– 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

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 LTE Release 8 Key Features (2/2)
• Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3G
PP Releases
• FDD and TDD within a single radio access tech
nology
• Efficient Multicast/Broadcast

29
 Evolution of LTE-Advanced (4G)
• Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception
Techniques
• Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission
Techniques
• Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced

30
 LTE-Advanced (4G)
• Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected
from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM adds
additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth

31
LTE vs. LTE-Advanced

32
 Conclusion
• LTE-A helps in integrating the existing
networks, new networks, services and
terminals to suit the escalating user demands
• LTE-Advanced will be standardized in the 3GPP
specification Release 10 (LTE-A) and will be
designed to meet the 4G requirements as
defined by ITU

33