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CE A172

Const. Methods &


Project Mgt.
GROUP 01
Building Construction Methodology
 Phase 1: Excavation & Ground Works
 Phase 2: Substructures
 Phase 3: Superstructures
 Phase 4:
 Phase 5:
Phase 01

Site
Preparation
Site Preparation
A . Site Investigation

1. Location
- Nearest town or city
- Proximity of school, emergency
services, entertainment, shop,
recreation
- Distance from head office (client
and builder) and travelling time
Site Preparation
A . Site Investigation

2. Accessibility
- Approach and site access roads;
width, gradients, bends, sharp
corners, condition and
construction relative to transport
of heavy plant and equipment.
- Temporary roads or consider
preparing the sub-base for new
roads as temporary access
Site Preparation
A . Site Investigation

3. Availability of spaces
- Site offices, canteen, compound
- Material storage areas and
handling
- Construction areas and
assembly areas
- Plant location
Site Preparation
A . Site Investigation

4. Ground composition
- Boreholes are required to
determine:
• Change in strata
• Strength of subsoil
• Toxicity of subsoil
• Stability of excavation
Site Preparation
A . Site Investigation

5. Site clearance and demolition


- A plan of the site should indicate
trees, shrubs and existing
buildings, and a site survey will
reveal the extent of leveling
necessary
- Demolition and excavation
• Methods and costs
• Reuse of materials
• Protection of adjacent
buildings
Site Preparation
B. Local Condition

- Labour availability
- Local resources
- Subcontractor
- Plant hire
- Climatic and weather condition
- Security
Site Preparation
C. Site Organization

- Temporary services
- Water and sewerage
- Gas
- Electricity
-Telephone
- Site welfare facilities
Site Preparation
D. Site Fencing and Hoardings

- This type and nature of fencing selected


will depends considerably on the work
composition and site location.
- Closed-boarded hoarding is more
effective than open fencing for protecting
the site from intruders.
Site Preparation
E. Levelling

- Levelling is the procedure for measuring


the height of certain points around the
site, in order to established excavation
quantities for reducing ground levels and
establishing drain runs

F. Setting out
- Following levelling, the position of a
building is marked out with string lines and pegs to
indicate foundation trenches and walls.
Site Preparation
G. Excavation and Earthworks

- Hand tools excavation technique


• Very small building
• Where the site is inaccessible to
excavating plant

- Mechanical plan and equipment


commonly used for:
• Trench excavation
• Pits and boreholes
PHASE 2
SUBSTRUCTURES
 Foundation
 Column
 Ground/Grade Beam
 Ground Floor Slab
Foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 ISOLATED FOOTING
Footings which are provided under
each column independently are called as
Isolated footings. They are usually square,
rectangular or circular in section.

 FLAT OR PAD OR PLAIN FOOTING


These kind of footings are generally
square or rectangular or circular in shape which
are provided under each column
independently. Flat or Footing is one of the
Shallow Foundation. It is circular, square or
rectangular slab of uniform thickness.
STEPPED FOOTING
As from the name its resembling that
footings are stacked upon one another as
steps. In these type of footing three concrete
cross sections are stacked upon each other.
This type of footing is used generally in
residential buildings. These types of footings are
constructed in olden days now they are out-
dated.
SLOPED FOOTING
Sloped footings are trapezoidal footings.
They are done with great care to see that the
top slope of 45 degree is maintained from all
sides. When compared the trapezoidal footing
with the flat footing the usage of concrete is
less. Thus, it reduces the cost of footing in
concrete as well as reinforcement.
SHOE OR ECCENTRIC FOOTING

Shoe footing is the half footing cut-out


from the original footing and it has a shape of
shoe. It is provided in the corner of the plot .
Where there is no provision of setback area.
They are constructed on property boundary.
Column is provided or loaded at the edges of
footing. It is provided when the exterior column
is close to the boundary or property line and
hence there is no scope to project footing
much beyond the column face. Shoe footings
are constructed when the soil bearing capacity
is the normal 24kN/m2.
COMBINED FOOTING

A footing which has more than one


column is called as combined footing. This kind
of footing is adopted when there is a limited
space. Due to lack of space we cannot cast
individual footing, Therefore footings are
combined in one footing. They are classified into
two types based on their shape:

1. RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING


2. TRAPEZOIDAL COMBINED FOOTING
RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING
TRAPEZOIDAL COMBINED FOOTING
RAFT OR MATT FOOTING
When the column loads are heavy or the
safe bearing capacity of soil is very low, The
required footing area become very large. As
mentioned this footing is in shallow foundation. So
in order to spread the load over large area with less
depth then we have to increase the footing area. If
we increase footing area, the footings are
overlapped each other instead of providing each
footing on each column all columns are placed in
common footing. A raft or mat footing is a solid
reinforced concrete slab covering entire area
beneath the structure and supporting all the
columns. Such foundation due to its own rigidity
minimizes differential settlements.
STRIP FOOTING
Strip footings are a type of
shallow foundation that are used to provide a
continuous, level (or sometimes stepped) strip
of support to a linear structure such as a wall
or closely-spaced rows of column built
centrally above them.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
Pile foundations are deep foundations
used when the site has a weak shallow
bearing strata making it necessary to transfer
load to a deeper strata either by friction or
end bearing principles. Foundations provide
support for structures by transferring the load
to the rock or layers of soil that have sufficient
bearing capacity and suitable settlement
characteristics. There are a very wide range of
foundations types available which are suitable
for different applications. Foundations are
classified mainly as Shallow foundations and
Deep foundations.
END BEARING PILE
These transmit most of their loads to
the load bearing layer (which can be dense
sand or rock). Most of the pile capacity is
inferred from the end bearing point.
FRICTION PILES
These transmit their load through the
layers through which the piles pass which is
mostly through the surface friction (skin friction)
with the surrounding soils. Here the piles are
driven to such a depth that the frictional
resistance which is developed at the side of the
piles equals to the load coming on the piles.
Methods
PRE-CAST PILES

The piles which are casted already and


transported to the site. These kind of piles are used where
there is less place to cast pile. These are readymade piles
and requires more money to transport piles to the site. The
pre-cast concrete piles are usually reinforced concrete or
pre-stressed concrete piles. These piles require space for
casting and storage, more time to set and cure before
installations and heavy equipment handling and driving.
The precast concrete piles are generally used for a
maximum design load of about 800 kN except for large
pre-stressed piles. The length of precast concrete piles
varies from 4. 5 m to 30m The pre-stressed concrete piles as
compared to pre-cast and reinforced concrete piles are
lesser m weight easy to handle, have high load carrying
capacity and are extremely durable.
CAST-IN-SITU PILES

The piles which are casted on site. And


don’t require any transportation is called cast
in situ piles. The cast-In-situ concrete piles are
casted in position inside the ground and need
not to be reinforced in ordinary cases. These
piles are not subjected to handling or driving
stresses. The cast- in-situ concrete piles are
generally used for a maximum design load of
750 kN.
Play video
1. CAST IN PLACE FOUNDATIONS.MP4
2. PRE-CAST PILE FOUNDATION.MP4
3. MICROPILE.MP4

FOUNDATION
Column
COLUMNS ON FOUNDATION
COLUMNS ON GROUND/GRADE BEAM
Play video
4. RCC FOOTING WITH COLUMN.MP4
5. PRE-CAST COLUMNS.MP4

COLUMN
Ground/Grade
Beam
GROUND/GRADE BEAM AND TIE BEAM FOOTING

 GROUND/GRADE BEAM
A beam that typically spans poor soil
conditions to connect two or more other
foundation elements to support a slab or walls
that would otherwise not be supportable by
soil. It is a beam which carries vertical and
possibly horizontal loading between support
points and just happens to be at a ground
level. Grade beam is a soil level beam
transferring loads delivered by superstructure
above, or expanding soil below, to discrete
foundation elements (piles/footings).
GROUND/GRADE BEAM AND TIE BEAM FOOTING
Play video
6. GRADE BEAM FOOTING.MP4

GRADE BEAM FOOTING


Ground Floor
Slab
GROUND FLOOR SLAB

In construction, slab can be design in two


conditions:

First condition - is built when the ground is good


enough to carry the load from the building. In this
condition, the slab is designed to carry the load of
the building with the help from the ground support.

Second condition - is building when the ground is


not good enough to carry the load from the
building. In this condition, the slab is design just like
the floor of upper floor that can carry the load
without the help from the ground support. In this
case, more cost is needed.
GROUND FLOOR SLAB
FUNCTIONS

 To support column and stump.


 To received the load from the building.
 To reduce the pressure on the column and
stump.
 The main base of construction to ensure
that the construction will done well.
 Create the easier job on floor finishes.
Play video
7. CAST IN PLACE SLAB.MP4
8. CONCRETE SLAB FOUNDATION.MP4
9. PRE-CAST SLAB.MP4

Ground Slab
PHASE 3
SUPERSTRUCTURES
 Columns
 Beams
 Floorings
 Walls
 Tower Crane
Bolted Column
Connections
Bolted Column Connections

With this cost-


effective way to
erect columns,
mechanical
connections are
easy to design and
need no temporary
bracing. Bolted
column
connections make
your construction
process safer and
faster.
Bolted Column Connections
Bolted Column Connections
Bolted Column Connections
Bolted Column Connections
Play video
1. [Peikko Group] Erection for
Bolted Column
Connections.mp4
2. [Peikko Group] Bolted
Concrete Column
Connections.mp4

Bolted Column
Connections
Bolted Column Connections
Bolted Column Connections
Delta Beams
Sustainability

Add an extra
floor for a
given building
height!
Delta Beam
Delta Beam
Delta Beam
Delta Beam
Play video
3. [Peikko Group] DELTA Frame
(Steel Concrete + Beams).mp4

Delta Beam
Delta Beam
Delta Beam
Delta Beam
Suspended
Concrete Slabs
Suspended Concrete Slabs
It combines precast concrete panels
with a cast in-situ topping to create a
suspended concrete slab.
Vibe Apartments
Vibe Apartments
Vibe Apartments
Vibe Apartments
Play video
4. [Austral Deck] Suspended
Concrete Slabs.mp4

Suspended
Concrete Slabs
Double Walls
Precast Double Walls
It consists of a pair of precast reinforced
concrete shells connected by a lattice girder
(trusses) fabricated from reinforcement bar,
forming a cavity.
Precast Double Walls
Play video
5. [Tachydomi SA] Double Wall
Production.mp4
6. [Oran Precast LTD] Pre-Cast
Double Wall Installation.mp4

Double Wall
Production
Kane Constructions HQ
Kane Constructions HQ
Tilt-Up Wall
Construction
Concrete Tilt-Up Wall Construction

• A method of building concrete interior and


exterior walls without the use of vertical
formwork and that minimizes the required
duration of lifting equipment time.
• The process is used to reduce the cost of
materials and labor in wall construction.
• The panels are formed, constructed,
erected and supported very quickly, as
compared to other building methods.
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms

Workers must first create the forms that define


the shape of the concrete panels and place
the rebar in the forms.
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
1. Create the Concrete Slab
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
2. Line Out the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
3. Place Brackets to Define Openings and Edges
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
4. Precision is Crucial When Building the Panel
Forms
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
5. Building the Panel Forms
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
6. The Jigsaw Puzzle of Panel Forms
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
7. Rebar Placed in Panel Forms
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
8. Embeds and Inserts
First Step - Preparing the Tilt-up Concrete Panel Forms
9. Ready to be Poured with Concrete
Second Step - Pouring the Concrete Panels

Once the forms are created, workers pour


concrete to the forms, smooth and cure the
concrete and remove the forms to leave the
finished panels.
Second Step - Pouring the Concrete Panels
1. Pour the Concrete Into the Form
Second Step - Pouring the Concrete Panels
2. Smooth the Tilt-up Concrete Panels
Second Step - Pouring the Concrete Panels
3. The Concrete Panels Cure
Second Step - Pouring the Concrete Panels
4. Remove the Forms From the Panels
Second Step - Pouring the Concrete Panels
5. The Concrete Panels Are Ready
Third Step - Standing the Concrete Panels
(Tilt-up Construction!)
Play video
7. Tilt-Up Construction Project
Overview - Tiltwall Ontario Inc.mp4
8. [Sellen Construction] Tilt Up Time
Lapse Video.mp4
9. Tilt-up Time Lapse - WPLG
TV.mp4
10. High Rise Construction -
Formworks, Monolithic.mp

Tilt-up Wall
Construction
Tower Crane
What is Tower Crane?

Crane is a mechanical system designed to lift


and move loads through a hook suspended
from a movable arm.

Tower Crane is among the highest crane in the


world. It is a fixed crane and have to be
mounted on-site. The tower crane present
itself like a vertical metallic/steel structure
having a horizontal boom that can turn over
an angle up to 360°.
How does a Tower Crane work?

These machines are built to lift heavy loads


efficiently and safely.

A modern tower crane consists of three major


sections: the base, the tower mast, and the
slewing unit.
Parts of Tower Crane Overview

Play video
11.Parts of Tower Crane
Overview.mp4
12. Tower Crane Assembly with
Climber Demo.mp4
1. The Slewing Unit

This section allows the crane to rotate and


perform lifting.
1.1 Horizontal Jib
It extends horizontally at various lengths
depending on the model and configuration of
the crane.
1.2 Trolley & Hook Block
A trolley attached to the underside of the jib
moves load in and out from the cranes center
axis. While hook block assemblies house a
series of sheaves and pulleys that carry the
rope.
1.3 Trolley & Hoist Lines

Trolley and hoist lines run throughout the jib


enabling vertical and horizontal movement of
the load.
1.4 Counter Jib

It provides a balancing force to the load on


the horizontal jib.
1.5 Counterweight, Hoist Unit & Hoist Drum
1.6 Tower Top

“High top” cranes utilize a tower top section


for greater torque and stability.
1.7 Pendant Bars

Attached from the tower top to the horizontal


jib & counter jib that provides further stability.
1.8 Operator Cab & Slewer Ring
Movements of the crane are controlled from
the operator’s cabin.
The slewer ring drives the rotational movement
of the slewing section.
2. Tower Mast Section
2.1 Tower Sections

A crane’s tower mast is constructed by a


series of tower crane sections. It’s structure is
braced square or truss.
Ever wonder how cranes that build high-
rise buildings get built? They can build
themselves upwards!

Play video
13. Crane Building Itself.mp4
2.2 Bolts and Pins

Secure connections are an essential


component of any tower crane and those
connections are only as secure as the bolts
and pins used on the crane.
2.3 Tie-ins

It secures the tower mast to a


structure/framework and provides stability
when the crane is under load or experiencing
wind forces.
3. The Base Section
3.1 Undercarriage
It acts as a base for the tower mast and
surrounding lower structure.
3.1 Undercarriage
It acts as a base for the tower mast and
surrounding lower structure.
3.2 Knee Brace 3.3 Central Ballast 3.4 Base Plates
3.5 Cross Frame 3.6 Foundation Anchors
Installation of Tower Crane On-site

Play video
14. Installation of Tower Crane On-
site.mp4
Jeddah Tower
About the Jeddah Tower

The estimated construction cost of US$1.23


billion, which is less than that of the Burj Khalifa
(US$1.5 billion), can be attributed to cheap
labor in the Middle East. Over 1000 meters and
a total construction area of 530,000 squares
meters, Jeddah tower will be the center piece
and first construction phase of the $20 Billion
Jeddah Economic City development in
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, near the Red Sea.
Play video
15. Worlds Tallest building -
Jeddah Tower. (under const).mp4

Jeddah Tower
PHASE 5
 Flat Roof System
 Building Enclosure
 Building Services. (MEP)
 Finishing Works
Flat Roof System
Types of Flat Roof Systems

• THERMOPLASTIC ROOFING (TPO)


• EPDM ROOFING
• PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR PANELS
• GREEN ROOFS
• OTHERS
Thermoplastic Roofing (TPO)
• Is a single-ply reflective roofing membrane
made from polyprophylene and
ethylenepropylene rubber polymerized
together.
• TPO roofing systems are made of an especially
durable material with a low-temperature
flexibility and a high-temperature tolerance,
these roofs are exceptionally resistant to
ultraviolet, ozone and chemical exposure. TPO
roofs can be expected to have a life span of
20+ years, and also feature a high resistance to
fire, punctures, chemicals and high winds.
EPDM Roofing

• EPDM stands for “ethylene propylene


dieneterpolymer”.
• EPDM roofing offers superior durability and
versatility, making it one of the longest
lasting types of commercial roofs available.
EPDM commercial roofing systems are also
typically easier to install, maintain and repair
than most other types of commercial roofs.
Play video
1. EPDM Roofing.mp4

EPDM Roofing
“Green” Roofs
• Perhaps of all the types of commercial roofs
available today, green roofing systems have
experienced the greatest surge in popularity
in the last few years. Sedum green roofs are
typically flat roofs that are partially or
completely covered with vegetation and soil
and planted over a waterproofing
membrane. Green roofing systems reduce the
urban heat island effect by soaking up heat
and also are found to dramatically improve a
roof’s insulation value – lengthening the
lifespan of the roof by as much as two to
three times longer and saving on heating and
cooling costs.
Play video
2. Green Roof.mp4

Green Roof
Photovoltaic Solar Panels

• As energy costs continue to rise and


America looks towards green and
sustainable energy, many building owners
are turning to solar energy roofing systems.
PV solar panels installed over a rooftop or
used with glass, membrane and roof-
mounted tile, absorb sunlight and convert it
to energy that can be used to power a
building. Although not in wide use, PV panel
roofs offer great potential to conserve
energy and control skyrocketing costs
Play video
3. Photovoltaic Solar Panels

Photovoltaic Solar
Panels
OTHERS

• Beyond TPO and EPDM flat roofs, modified


roofing is an option, which uses redundant
layers of roofing to create a durable
weather-resistant surface. Similar to
modified roofing, built-up roofing is a viable
commercial roof choice depending on the
roof’s sloop and complexities.
General Installation Procedure

1. Roof Preparation – Clean roof surface prior


to installation to remove all debris and dirt.
Make sure the roofing area is completely
smooth.

2. Fitting the Membrane – The flat roof


membrane will need to be trimmed in
order to fit properly. Lay it on the roof and
maneuver it around to fit it correctly and
make adjustments as needed.
General Installation Procedure
3. Attaching the membrane
• Open the adhesive, and stir it for several
minutes.
• Choose a section to start in, and lift the
membrane off of the roof.
• Paint the roof or plywood with the
adhesive, and then paint the back of the
flat roof membrane.
• Press the membrane down and continue
until one section is finished.
• Use the roller brush over the section to
remove any air bubbles.
• Repeat until all membranes are attached.
General Installation Procedure

4. Finishing up – clean the seams of the


membrane with soapy water. Along the
seams, apply the seam tape. Let the roof cure
for several hours prior to doing anything on
top of the membrane.
Building Enclosure
Cladding

→ Is an exterior finishing system meant to


protect the underlying structure (like home)
and provide aesthetically appealing finish.

1. stone cladding
2. timber cladding
3. weatherboard cladding
4. fiber cement cladding
5. brick cladding
6. vinyl cladding
7. metal cladding
Play video
4. Formica Cladding
5. Hendrick Architectural
Cladding.mp4

Cladding
Rainscreen Cladding Installation
1. Ensure the leveling of the wall.
2. Secure the brackets to the substrate of
concrete, brickwork or blockwork, steel or
timber frames.
Rainscreen Cladding Installation
3.a. Once a line of vertical brackets is
installed, ‘L’ rail/’T’ rail can be attached at
each bracket position. Always check for line
and level.
Rainscreen Cladding Installation
3.b. The profile can then be eased outwards
to form the specified cavity depth.
Rainscreen Cladding Installation
4. Secure the rail using stainless steel screws to
the fixed or sliding points.

Fixed Point Sliding Point


Rainscreen Cladding Installation

5. Once all brackets and rails are installed to


an area of cladding, final checks should be
carried out.

6. Where insulation is specified, it should be cut


and tightly butted around the brackets and
secured with the appropriate fixings. Sufficient
insulation fixings should be provided to ensure
that the insulation cannot block the ventilated
cavity.
Rainscreen Cladding Installation
7. Panel Installation.
• Check profile positions in relation to actual
panel positions and joints.
• Raise the panel and support in position.
• Adjust level and height of panel before
fitting next panel above.
• Repeat on next panels.
• Panel joints should follow the
manufacturer’s recommendation.

8. Finishing – metal capping for parapet


details and other covers.
Rainscreen Cladding
System
Curtain Wall

A curtain wall is defined as thin, usually


aluminum-framed wall, containing in-fills of
glass, metal panels, or thin stone. The framing
is attached to the building structure and does
not carry the floor or roof loads of the building.

 designed to resist wind and rain


 skin of the building
Curtain Wall Systems

STICK-BUILT CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM

→ In this system, the curtain wall frame


(mullions) and glass or opaque panels are
installed and connected together piece by
piece.
Curtain Wall Systems

UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM

→ In this system, the curtain wall is composed


of large units that are assembled and
glazed in the factory, shipped to the site
and erected on the building.
Curtain Wall Systems
CABLE NET SYSTEM

→ This structural system supports glass by a net


geometry of pre-tensioned cables.

DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS

→ Consist of two glazed skins placed in such a


way that air flows in the intermediate
cavity. The ventilation in the cavity can be
natural or mechanical.
Curtain Wall Installation
1. Establish control lines. Locate where the
curtain wall should go. Bench marks may
be painted on the floor and over the edge
on the floors.
2. Layout. The layout determines the exact
wall placement by the use of offset lines
and finished floor levels developed from
the control lines established earlier. Each
floor must have the proper amount of
room for attaching anchors.
3. Anchor plates. Anchor plats are bolted or
welded into the structure of the building.
Curtain Wall Installation
4. Check materials. The materials should
arrive on site during the process. Make
arrangements with the contractor prior to
their arrival for storage locations or for the
materials to be hoisted to the proper floors
as they arrive.
5. Erect mullions. The verticals are usually are
the first item to be installed. These must be
accurately plumb and positioned. Once
the mullion are perfectly plumb and on
the same plane, the bolts are tightened all
the way. The next mullion is installed on top
of the previous one and so on.
Curtain Wall Installation
6. Install horizontals. After all the vertical
mullions are in place and secured, install
the horizontals.
7. Seal the corners. Where a wall meets a
jamb or corner, prepackaged flashing and
sealing units usually are supplied by the
manufacturer and should be used or
followed.
8. Unitized walls. In the case of a unitized
wall, the pre-assembled units are hoisted
to the proper location in sequence,
snapped together to provide the interlock
and anchored to the structure.
Curtain Wall Installation Systems

NEW:

→ BRUNKEBERG SYSTEM
Building Services
(MEP)
Building Services (MEP)

Everything inside a building which makes it


safe and comfortable to be in.

• MECHANICAL SERVICES
• ELECTRICAL SERVICES
• PLUMBING SERVICES
MECHANICAL SERVICES

1. HVAC (Heating Ventilation & Air


Conditioning)
2. Refrigeration
3. Fire Protection
Electrical Services

1. Lighting
2. Earthing & Lighting Protection
3. Fire Detection & Alarm System
4. Public Address System
5. Access Control System
6. CCTV & Monitoring System
7. Building Security System
8. Building Management System
Plumbing Services

1. Domestic Water System


2. Flushing Water System
3. Sewage Water System
4. Rain Water System
5. Sewage Treatment Plant
6. Water Treatment Plant
7. All Piping & Sanitary Fixtures that provide
water for any use (Drinking, Cooking, Laundry,
etc.)
Typical MEP Works Sequence In High Rise Building

1. MEP 1st Fix – All concealed items/pipe


sleeves in vertical/ horizontals
(column/slab)
2. MEP 2nd Fix – Stage 1: High Level MEP Works
at False Ceiling
• Fixing supports, installation of firefighting,
chilled water piping, drainage pipes,
water supply, rain water, cable ladders,
G.I. conducting, AC ducting
• Pressure tests and insulations
• Installation of FCUs (Fan Coil Units),
water heater
Typical MEP Works Sequence In High Rise Building
3. MEP 2nd Fix – Stage 2: Clearance for False
Ceiling People
• Sprinkler droppers, AC duct droppers,
flexible cable for light fixtures, fire stopping
and identification works etc.
4. MEP 2nd Fix: Other areas
Installation of all equipment like AHU (air
handling unit), all pumps, heat exchangers,
bas bars, generators, water tanks, etc.
5. MEP Final Fix
Installation of air terminals, sprinkler heads,
wiring accessories, low current devices, CCTV,
Public address system, hydrants, switch points.
Finishing Works
Drop Ceiling
It’s used to conceal varied service lines-
structural features, open pipes and wiring, and
air conditioning ducts.
• creates an effective sonic system especially
in auditoriums, cinema halls or recording
studios
Drop Ceiling Installation
1. Plan. Draw the exact dimension of the room.
Sketch possible layout.
2. Choose the lighting location. If the ceiling will
be recessed and built-in lighting will be
installed, decide where to locate the panels
of light and clearly identify them on the
drawing.
3. Determine the exact height at which the
suspended ceiling will be installed. Allow a
minimum of 3 to 4 inches for clearance
between the old ceiling and the new ceiling.
Keep in mind that additional clearance will
be required if recessed lighting is being used.
Drop Ceiling Installation
4. After locating the exact position for the
suspended ceiling, use a level to draw a line
completely around the room indicating where
the wall angle will be applied. Don't assume
the original ceiling is level.
Drop Ceiling Installation
5. Attach wall angles. Fasten the wall angles
securely at all points. Nail them to studs, or use
screw anchors or other fasteners on brick or
masonry walls. Position the wall angle so that
the bottom flange rests on the level line you
have drawn on the wall.
Drop Ceiling Installation

6. Install Wiring. If recessed lights are being


installed, place the wiring before putting the
suspension wires in place. For recessed
lighting, use either 2" x 2" or 2" x 4" drop-in
lighting fixtures, which are specially designed
for this purpose. Fluorescent light fixtures can
also be centered over the panels and a
luminous lay-in panel can be used instead of a
regular ceiling panel.
Drop Ceiling Installation
7. Install the main tees so that they are all level
with the wall angle already mounted. Use a
long level for this. Install the cross tees by
inserting the ends of the cross tees into the
slots in the main tees.
Drop Ceiling Installation
9. Place the Ceiling Panels. Drop the ceiling
panels into position by tilting them slightly,
lifting them above the framework and letting
them fall into place.
Plastering

• by plastering the walls and the ceiling they


become even and their imperfections are
corrected so that they become smooth
and geometrically straight and smooth right
angles are formed where the walls meet.
• plastering covers all ducts for electrical,
internet, alarm system, telephone and other
cables, as well as all heat and ventilation.
Plastering Steps

1. The technique for applying finishing plaster


is the same whether you skim over drywall
sheets, render, or undercoat plaster,
though the surface preparation varies. An
undercoat should be slightly damp when
plaster is applied; use a mister to dampen
it, if necessary. Practice using plastering
techniques on a small area before tackling
a whole wall.
Plastering Steps
Tip: Covering Board
Drywall can be skimmed with plaster to make
the surface suitable for painting or papering.
Use tape to cover the joints between boards.
Apply a layer of plaster across the entire
surface.
Plastering Steps
3. Smooth Drywall Joints. Use drywall tape to
cover joints between drywall sheets, attaching
it with a little prepared plaster
Plastering Steps
4. Prepare Plaster. Half-fill a bucket with clean
tap water, and slowly add the plaster, carefully
following the manufacturer's instructions. Mix
more as you need it.
Plastering Steps
5. Apply the Plaster. Use a trowel to cut away a
section of the mixed plaster, and transfer it to a
hawk. Use a small amount at first to get used to
handling the hawk.
Plastering Steps

5. Spread the plaster across the wall surface,


pressing firmly and distributing it as evenly as
possible. Work from the top of the wall to the
bottom, in broad, vertical and horizontal
strokes. Aim to work quickly to cover the
surface before the plaster starts to dry.
Plastering Steps
6. Smooth the plaster.
Plastering Steps

6. Leave the plaster to dry for at least half an


hour, until the surface is firm enough to touch
without moving the plaster, but is still damp.
Repeat the smoothing process, again using
any excess surface plaster to fill small
depressions. If necessary, use a wet brush or
garden spray gun to dampen the plaster as
you work. Aim for a smooth finish at this final
stage; it is more effective than trying to sand
rough plaster when dry
Plastering Steps

Tip: Applying a Second Layer


An alternative to smoothing off the first layer of
plaster is to apply a second, thinner layer,
giving two topcoats. If you want to follow this
option, do it after smoothing the plaster for the
first time, before allowing it to dry. Most
professional plasterers do this to achieve the
flattest, highest-quality finish. Once the second
layer has been added, continue the step titled
Smooth the Plaster from Image 2 onward.
Paint

→ Paint is used both as a preservative and as


a decoration principally for woodwork,
steelworks and plaster, and is sometimes
applied to brickwork.
Paint
1. Start at the ceiling.
Paint
2. Roll paint vertically onto walls.
Paint
3. Cut in at joints and corners.
Paint
4. Paint near the baseboards. Slightly overlap
or protect the baseboard.
Tiling Procedure
1. Clean the floor of dust and debris. This
ensures the tiled surface will be level.
2. Snap Chalk Lines. Measure to find the center
of the room, and snap two chalk lines that
intersect exactly in the center of the floor.
3. Dry Run the Tiles. This determines where to
start the process and helps determine the
width of the grout lines.
4. Snap Another Chalk Line. Snap an additional
chalk line the width of a tile out from each
wall. This will help keep the tile placement
perfectly straight. Continue laying out tiles
and spacers until placement is correct.
Tiling Procedure
5. Mix the Thin-Set Mortar.
6. Apply the Mortar. When the mortar is ready,
begin working on one section of the floor.
Spread the mixture on a 2'x2' section of the
floor and use a notched trowel to obtain an
even layer of mortar. Work in small sections to
keep the mortar from drying before the tile is in
position.
8. Place the Tiles.
9. Cut Odd Tiles. When you get to a wall where a
standard tile will not fit, mark and make cuts
with a standard tile cutter. If you don't use a
tile cutter, mark the tiles and have a tile
supplier cut them prior to installation.
Tiling Procedure
10. Place the Spacers. Place the spacers
between each tile to ensure uniform
distance between the tiles. When all the tile
work is complete, allow the tiles to dry in
place for several days before grouting.
Tiling Procedure

11. Apply the Grout. Grout is available in a


variety of textures and colors. Pick a color
that matches the color of the tile. Use a
rubber trowel or float to spread the grout
across the tiles at an angle to be certain to
get it between each tile.
12. Remove Excess Grout. When the gout is in
place, wipe away the excess with a damp
sponge or cloth. Repeat this process
several times, being careful not to remove
the grout lines around the tiles.
GROUP 01 REPORTERS
Building Construction Methodology
 Phase 1: Charmaine Rose Corbeda
 Phase 2: Lorry Jean Ahyeng
 Phase 3: Karen Claire Beler
 Phase 4: Adrian Carmona
 Phase 5: Jovan Bucol

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