Otc000003 WDM Principle Issue1.25

WDM Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 With the development of telecommunication, the
requirements of the transmission capacity and service
categories are becoming bigger and bigger, under this
background, WDM technology emerged.
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of
WDM;
 Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;
 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
 List the technical specifications for WDM system.
Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications
How to increase network capacity？
 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature & Quick
 SDM  STM-16→ STM-

64
 Add fiber &
equipment  Cost &
Complication
 Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion
What's WDM？
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
WDM Concept
 Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed
into a fiber for transmission.
1 1 2 n
SDH signal
IP package 2 ┉
ATM cells
┋
n
System Structure
 The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path
wavelength:
 Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit
(OMU/ODU)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
OTU OTU
O O
 Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
M A
OTU / OLA / OTU
O O
OTU A D OTU
OSC OSC OSC
Transmission Modes
 Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
4
U U
M
Transmission Modes
 Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
4
U U
M
Application Modes
 Open System
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
T 0 0
T
4
U U
M
Client Client
Application Modes
 Integrated System
MUX DMUX
M
4
0 0
4
M
Client Client
Advantages of WDM
 Ultra high capacity
 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
 Smooth expansion
CWDM Vs DWDM
 CWDM:
 Coarse Wavelength Division
Multiplex
 DWDM:
 Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplex
ITU-T G.694.1
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing
C band 160chs Extended
32chs
196.075THz 192.100THz 192.075THz 191.300THz
Questions
 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
 Difference between the two transmission modes
 Difference between the two application modes
 List the structure of the WDM system.
Summary
 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;
 WDM system structure ;
 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Structure of Optical Fiber
 Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a
plastic wear-resisting coating.
Refraction
n2 Cladding
θ
Reflection n1 Core
Coating
Attenuation
dB/km
Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4 band
3 -
（ OH
850~900nm
） nm
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion:
Power
Optical pulses
Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)
Time
Chromatic Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation at 1550nm window.
for high rate transmission
Dispersion
coefficient
17ps/nm.km G.655
¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.
Chromatic Dispersion Compensation
 The pulse will be broadened because of
 Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window
 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract

positive dispersion in transmission.
Dispersion
Coefficient G.652
wavelength
Normal DCF
DSCF: Dispersion Slope
Compensation Fiber
Polarization Mode Dispersion
 Polarization mode dispersion:
Fast
ellipse
core
The Profile
of fiber
Slow
Time Delay
Questions
 What’s difference between the refractive index of the
cladding and core?
 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?
 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?
Summary
 Structure of optical fiber
 Types of optical fiber
 Characteristics of optical fiber
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
WDM System Key Technologies


Optical Source Optical Multiplexer
and Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in WDM


Optical Amplifier Supervisory
Technologies
Requirements of Optical Source
1 Larger dispersion tolerance value
2 Standard and stable wavelength
Direct Modulator
Electro-Absorption (EA) External
Modulator
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) External Modulator
Coherent Modulator and Receiver
 Coherent modulator:
 Step 1: The polarization beam splitter splits the laser light into
two polarizations (X-pol and Y-pol) that are perpendicular to
each other.
Photon polarizations
Split
Polarization signal
on the X-pol
Optical signal
Transmission Split
direction Polarization signal
on the X-pol
a. Laser signal (electromagnetic wave) b. Traverse the polarization c. Signals on the X-pol and
beam splitter Y-pol after being split
 Coherent modulator:
 Step 2: The polarization beam combiner combines the
modulated signal on the X-pol and that on the Y-pol onto the
same fiber.
QPSK-modulated
signal on the X-pol
QPSK-modulated signal
on the Y-pol
 QPSK modulation technology:
28 Gbaud/s Pre-
I Signal Input Signal Output Phase
I Q θ
Data coder Cosωt
+ s(t) 0 0 π/4
Optical signal on
the X-pol Σ = I x Cosωt – Q x Sinωt = √2 Cos (ωt + θ) 0 1 3π/4
-
π/2
1 1 5π/4
28 Gbaud/s Pre- Sinωt
Data coder Q 1 0 7π/4
Schematic representation of the mapping

relationship (constellation diagram)
Code
stream Q
01 00
θ
I
I
11 10
Q
A constellation diagram shows the
distribution of signal vectors. Because a
constellation diagram can fully and clearly
depict the signal mapping relationship for
QPSK digital modulation, digital modulation is also
called constellation modulation.
 Coherent receiver:
 Step 3: At the receive end, the received signal light is divided
into two. One is allocated to the x-pol and the other to the y-
pol..
Split
polarization signal
on the x-pol
Split
polarization signal
on the y-pol
Comparison of Modulators
Coherent
Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Modulator
Max. dispersion
1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800 40000
toleration (ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive very expensive very expensive
Wavelength
good better best best
Stability
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier
OA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
E3 excited state
Deca
y
1550nm E2 meta-stable state
signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
3+
 Er energy level diagram
Structure of EDFA
Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF
Pumping laser
PD PD
ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector
Features of EDFA
… Advantages … Disadvantages
 Consistent with the low  Fixed gain range
attenuation window  Gain un-flatness
 High energy conversion  Optical surge problem

efficiency
 High gain with little cross-talk
 Good gain stability
Automatic Gain Control
λ1~ λn
λ1~ λn Gai
n
EDF
Pin A Pout
Gain no change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout
splitter pump splitter

PIN PIN
DSP
Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz
Gain
Pump1Pump2 Pump3
30nm
70~100nm
Features of Raman
… Advantages … Disadvantages
 Flexible gain wavelength  High pump power, low

efficiency and high cost;
 Simple structure
 Components & fiber
 Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
undertake the high power;
 Low noise
Application of OA
OTU OTU
M M M MD
4U OA OA
4 OA4 4M
U
0X 0 0 0X
OTU OTU
Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
TFF Thin Film Filter
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating
λ1 λ1 λ2 λn λ1 λ2 λn λ1
λ2
λ2 λn
λn
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Thin Film Filter
λ1- λ4 λ1 filter
Self-focusing lens
λ1
λ3 filter
λ2
λ3
λ4 Glass
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Arrayed of waveguides 1…n
λ1
λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers
Supervisory Technologies
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology
ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel

Technology
Optical Supervisory Channel
 Requirements:
 Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping
wavelength of OA.
 Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
 Available when OA fails;
 Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC OSC
F F
S OTU1 I I 0 OTU1 S
OTU2 M U U 4 OTU2 C
C
C OTU3 4 M OTU3 C
OTU4 0 OTU4
Typical frame structure of OSC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS1 TS1 TS1 …… TS31

4 5 6
TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte
TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes
Electrical Supervisory Channel
 Features:
 Simple structure & cost saving
 Redundancy supported
 Improve power budget
 Reduce system complexity
S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2 M
C 4 OTU2 C
C OTU3 4 M OTU3 C
OTU4 0 OTU4
Questions
 What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?
 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?
 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?
Summary
 Optical source
 Optical amplifier
 Optical multiplexer
 Supervisory technologies
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Related ITU-T recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
and other SDH systems with OA
 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
 G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
Transmission Channel Reference
Points
Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas
 Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength
corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel
frequency allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and spacing
series of reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum spacing
100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.
Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM
part?
 What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems?
Thank you
www.huawei.com

Otc000003 WDM Principle Issue1.25

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WDM Principle

Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;

 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;

 List the technical specifications for WDM system.

 SDM  STM-16→ STM-

Solution of capacity expansion

OSC OSC OSC

 Data transparency transmission

 Long haul transmission

 Compatible with existing optical fibers

 High performance-to-cost ratio

 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability

196.075THz 192.100THz 192.075THz 191.300THz

 Difference between the two transmission modes

 Difference between the two application modes

 List the structure of the WDM system.

 WDM system structure ;

 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

G.655: Little dispersion

 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract

 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?

 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?

 Types of optical fiber

 Characteristics of optical fiber

Key Tech. in WDM

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength

Schematic representation of the mapping

Cost moderate expensive very expensive very expensive

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier

Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

 Consistent with the low  Fixed gain range

attenuation window  Gain un-flatness

 High energy conversion  Optical surge problem

 High gain with little cross-talk

 Good gain stability

Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

splitter pump splitter

 Flexible gain wavelength  High pump power, low

Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier

TFF Thin Film Filter

AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Arrayed of waveguides 1…n

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology

ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS1 TS1 TS1 …… TS31

TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte

TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte

TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved

TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes

 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?

 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?

 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF

 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA

 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components

 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system

 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems

and other SDH systems with OA

 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA

 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)