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TECHNOLOGY
KU 1
CHAPTER TWO
E.F CEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
Introduction to cement
History of cement
Manufacture of Portland Cement
Chemical Composition of Portland Cement
Hydration of Cement
Calcium Silicate hydrates
Tricalcium Aluminate hydrates
Influence of the compound compositions
Alkalis
Tests on Properties of Cement
Consistency of Standard Paste
Setting Time
Soundness
Strength of Cement
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
INTRODUCTION
Faculty
Cement?
A material having
cohesive and adhesive
properties.
Capable of bonding
mineral
Embraces a large
variety of such kind of
materials
Cement…
Setting
Hardening under
water by chemical
reactions
Hydraulic Cement
HC, are called natural
cement (silicate and
aluminate of lime)
Cementing material
Gypsum (Egypt)
Lime (Roman & Greeks)
First
concrete by
Romans
Lime
Water
Sand and
Crushed stone
Volcanic Ash (Pozzolan)
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
HISTORY … CONT…
Faculty
Modern Cement by
Issac J. in 1845
Mixture, clay and
chalk until clinkering
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
Faculty
MANUFACTURE OF OPC
7
MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
8
Iron (Fe2O3)
Sources: Iron ore, Clay, Mill scale, Shale,
etc.
Magnesia (MgO)
Sources: Cement rock, Limestone, Slag, etc
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
Sources: Calcium sulfate, Anhydrite,
Gypsum, etc.
MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
9
MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
10
MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
11
MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
12
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
13
14
HYDRATION OF C……
15
HYDRATION OF C……
16
HYDRATION OF C…..
18
C3A is undesirable,
Nothing to strength at later age but only at early-age
Why needed?
Acts as a Flux to reduce temperature during Clinker
Burning
Lime and Silica Combination facilitator (ASTM C150)
HYDRATION OF C……
19
20
21
Simplified Cement Hydration
22
23
Fineness Affects
rate of hydrations:
in result, (ASTM C115)
Rapid
development of
strength
Does not affect
long term
strength
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
26
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
27
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
28
Fineness
effects on
Compressive
strength
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND…..
29
Heat of Hydration of
Cement Paste
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
30
Effects of Alkalis
Strength beyond the age of 28 days, is strongly
affected by the alkali contents
The greater the amount of alkali present the lower the
gain in strength.
On other hand, in the total absence of alkali, the early
strength of cement past can be abnormally low.
Accelerated strength tests have shown that up to 0.4%
of Na2o, strength increases with an increase in the
alkali content.
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
Faculty
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
31
Effects of Alkalis
Accelerated strength tests have shown that up to 0.4%
of Na2o, strength increases with an increase in the
alkali content.
Setting Time
Needle dia 1.13 +0.5 mm
To penetrate 5+1 mm
By Vicat
By Gillmore Needle
First Assignment
Role of Gypsum in Cement Production
Soundness (ASTM C151)
Strength (ASTM C109)
ASTM C191
ASTM C204
ASTM C595
35
ANY
QUESTIONS
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018