HSUPA Principle

ZTE University
Content

 HSUPA Basic Principle

 HSUPA Key Technologies
 HSUPA Performance Analysis
 HSUPA Evolution Strategy
HSUPA Protocol Architecture
DTCH DCCH DCCH DTCH

MAC-d MAC-d

MAC-es
MAC-es /
MAC-e
MAC-e MAC-e EDCH FP EDCH FP

PHY PHY TNL TNL TNL TNL

Uu
UE NodeB Iub DRNC Iur SRNC

 UE: New MAC entity MAC-es/MAC-e is introduced under MAC-d, in

charge of HARQ rapid retransmission, scheduling, data multiplexing
and E-TFC (E-DCH TFC) selection.
 Node B: New MAC entity MAC-e is introduced, in charge of HARQ re-
transmission, scheduling, and MAC-e de-multiplexing.
 SRNC: New MAC entity MAC-es is added to provide re-ordering and
macro diversity combination in case of soft handover
HSUPA Technical Features
 In UE, dedicated physical data channels (E-DPDCH, at
most 4 for each UE) and a dedicated physical control
channel (E-DPCCH) to be added in the uplink. Common
physical channels (E-HICH, E-AGCH and E-RGCH) to be
added in the downlink.
 E-DPDCH bears uplink data with SF=2 or 4, QPSK
modulation and 2ms TTI, it remains 10 ms TTI.
 E-DPCCH, E-HICH, E-AGCH and E-RGCH accomplish the
HARQ and information exchange (including ACK/NACK,
uplink grants, and signaling control related to E-DCH)
 The maximum rate of each E-DPDCH is 1.92 Mbps (2ms
TTI, QPSK, SF=2). The maximum traffic rate of each UE is
5.7Mbps.
MAC layer Architecture in UE side
PCCHBCCHCCCHCTCHSHCCH
( TDD only ) MAC Control DCCH DTCH DTCH

MAC-d

MAC-es / MAC-hs MAC-c/sh

MAC-e

E-DCH HS-DSCH PCH FACH FACHRACH CPCH USCHUSCHDSCHDSCH DCH DCH

( FDD only )( TDD only )( TDD only )
Associated Associated Associated Associated
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
Signalling Signalling Signalling Signalling

 New MAC-es/MAC-e entity is introduced to control E-DCH in UE side.

in charge of HARQ rapid retransmission, scheduling, data multiplexing
and E-TFC (E-DCH TFC) selection.
Structure of MAC-e/MAC-es entity in UE side

To MAC -d MAC – Control

MAC - es/e

E- TFC Selection Multiplexing and TSN setting

HARQ

Associated Scheduling
Downlink Signalling
(E- AGCH / E - RGCH(s) )

Associated ACK/NACK Associated Uplink

signaling Signalling E- TFC
(E- HICH ) (E- DPCCH )
Functions of MAC-e/MAC-es entity in UE side
 HARQ entity: control the re-transmission of MAC-e PDU. The copy of
MAC-e PDU is saved in the buffer of HARQ entity. The copy of MAC-e
PDU will be re-send when the NACK is received from the peer HARQ
entity. HARQ protocol is configured by the MAC-Control SAP of RRC。
HARQ provides E-TFC, retransmission serial number (RSN) and the
power offset used by L1.
 Multiplexing and TSN setting entity: in charge of multiplexing multiple
MAC-d PDUs into one MAC-es PDU, and multiplexing multiple MAC-
es PDUs into one MAC-e PDU. Which is processed under the guide of
E-TFC selection. It is also in charge of setting and management of the
TSN of logical channel.
 E-TFC selection entity: select the E-TFC according to the scheduling
indication (Relative Grants and Absolute Grants) of Node B, and
control the Multiplexing. consequently decide the mapping relationship
from different MAC-d to E-DCH. E-TFC is configured by the MAC-
Control SAP of RRC.
PDU Processing of MAC layer in UE side
RLC DCCH DTCH DTCH
RLC PDU: Header DATA

MAC-d MAC-d PDU: DATA

MAC-d Flows

Numbering Numbering Numbering MAC-es PDU: TSN DATA DATA

Multiplexing MAC-e PDU:

MAC-es/e
DDI N DDI N DDI DATA DATA Padding
(Opt)

MAC-e header MAC-es PDU

HARQ
processes

L1 DATA

Mapping info signaled over RRC

PDU size, logical channel id, MAC-d flow
id => DDI
 Structure of MAC layer in UTRAN side
MAC Control MAC Control PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH SHCCH MAC Control MAC Control MAC ControlDCCH DTCH DTCH
TDD only

MAC-es

MAC-d
Configuration Configuration
without MAC -c/sh with MAC c/sh

MAC-e MAC-hs Configuration MAC-c/sh

with MAC-c/sh

E- DCH HS-DSCH HS-DSCH

Iub PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH USCH USCH DSCH DSCH Iur or local DCH DCH
FDD only TDD only TDD only

Associated Downlink Associated Uplink Associated Downlink Associated Uplink

Signalling Signalling Signalling Signalling

 In UTRAN side, MAC-e is located in Node B, MAC-es is located in SRNC.

 MAC-e of Node B is in charge of HARQ retransmission, scheduling, MAC-e de-
multiplexing
 MAC-es of SRNC is in charge of re-ordering and macro diversity combination.
 MAC-e controls the access of E-DCH, connecting to MAC-es, connecting from MAC-es
to MAC-d.
 New connection is defined in MAC-e and MAC Control SAP, also in MAC-es and MAC
Control SAP.
Function and Structure of MAC-es in UTRAN
side
To MAC-d
Function entity of MAC-es in SRNC side:

MAC-es  Re-ordering queue distribution

entity: routing MAC-es PDU to the
Disassembly Disassembly Disassembly
MAC – Control correct re-ordering buffer according
to the configuration of SRNC.
Reordering/ Reordering/ Reordering/
 Re-ordering entity: re-ordering the
Combining Combining Combining
received MAC-es PDU according to
the received TSN and Node B ID.
Reordering Queue Reordering Queue  Macro diversity selection entity:
Distribution Distribution
selective combining for MAC-es
PDU from multiple Node B in case
MAC-d flow #1 MAC-d flow #n of soft handover.
 MAC-es PDU disassembling
entity: disassemble MAC-es
From From
header, transmit MAC-d PDU to
MAC-e in MAC-e in
NodeB #1 NodeB #k MAC-d layer.
Function and Structure of MAC-e in UTRAN
side
Function entity of MAC-e in Node B side:

 E-DCH scheduling and control

MAC-d Flows entity: base on the scheduling
request SR (Scheduling Request)
from UE, allocate resource for UE,
MAC-e and notify UE though downlink
resource indication.
MAC –Control
 De-multiplexing entity: de-
E-DCH
Scheduling E-DCH De-multiplexing multiplexing MAC-e PDU, and
Control
save the de-multiplexed SI which
is referenced by E-DCH
scheduling entity.
HARQ entity  HARQ entity: processing
multiple stop-wait :HARQ
processes, produce ACK or
NACK, indicate if the data
transmitted on E-DCH is correct,
Associated Associated
count the times of re-transmission
Uplink Downlink
Signalling Signalling E-DCH which is referenced by
Scheduling entity.
HSUPA new transmission channel E-DCH
 E-DCH attributes
 E-DCH and DCH use separated CCTrCHs.
 Each UE only has one CCTrCH with E-DCH type.
 Each CCTrCH with E-DCH type only has one
corresponding E-DCH.
 Each TTI only has one transmission block.
 E-DCH supports 2ms TTI and 10ms TTI, 10ms TTI is
mandatory to all UE, 2ms TTI is optional.
 Adopts Turbo 1/3 coding method.
 After E-DCH is allocated, the data rate of original uplink
DCH will be restricted in 64kbps.
Both uplink logical channel DCCH and DTCH can be mapped to E-DCH
HSUPA new physical channel
 Five physical channels are added in radio interface to
support rapid re-transmission, soft combination and Node
B distributing scheduling in physical, these five physical
channels all support 10ms TTI and 2ms TTI.
 E-DPDCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(uplink).
 E-DPCCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(uplink).
 E-HICH: E-DCH HARQ acknowledgement Indicator
Channel (downlink).
 E-AGCH: E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (downlink).
 E-RGCH: E-DCH Relevant Grant Channel (downlink).
Uplink dedicated physical channel E-DPDCH
and E-DPCCH

E-DPDCH is a uplink dedicated physical data channel to bear the data of E-DCH

 Bear HSUPA uplink data.

 Alterable SF＝2～256.
 Adopt QPSK modulation.
 Support 10ms TTI and 2ms TTI.
 Each radio link has one or multiple E-DPDCH.
E-DPCCH is a uplink dedicated physical control channel bearing control information of E-DCH

 Bear HSUPA uplink control information.

 Fixed SF＝256.
 Adopt QPSK modulation.
 Support 10ms TTI and 2ms TTI.
 Each radio link has one E-DPCCH.
 Downlink common physical channel E-AGCH

E-AGCH is a downlink common physical channel to bear the absolute grant of E-DCH

 Adopt fixed SF=256, the channel speed is 30kbps.

 E-AGCH is only existing in serving E-DCH cell.
 Absolute Grant of E-DCH is only transmitted in serving E-DCH cell.
 Absolute Grant can be transmitted in one sub-frame (2ms TTI) or one
radio frame (10ms TTI).
E-AGCH 20 bits

Tslot = 2560 chips

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
 Downlink dedicated physical channel E-
RGCH
E-RGCH is a Downlink dedicated physical channel to bear the relative grant of E-DCH
 Adopt fixed SF=128.
 A relative grant can be transmitted in 3, 12 or 15 continuous time slots.
3 and 12 time slots are corresponded to 2ms TTI and 10ms TTI in
serving E-DCH cell, 15 time slots is used in non-serving E-DCH cell.

bi,0 bi,1 bi,39

Tslot = 2560 chip

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Downlink dedicated physical channel E-HICH
E-HICH is a Downlink dedicated physical channel to bear the HARQ acknowledgement Indicator of E-DCH

 Adopt fixed SF=128.

 A HARQ acknowledgement Indicator can be transmitted in 3 or 12
continuous time slots, which are corresponded to 2ms TTI and 10ms
TTI.
 E-HICH and E-RGCH have the same SF and radio frame structure,
they are differentiated by different signature sequence.
bi,0 bi,1 bi,39

Tslot = 2560 chip

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Basic Concept

E-DCH active set:

 A set of cells that have E-DCH bearer between the UE.

Serving E-DCH cell:

 The cell where the UE receives AGs (absolute grants). One UE has only one
serving E-DCH cell.

Serving E-DCH RLS or Serving RLS:

 A set of cells that have E-DCH serving cell, one UE has only one serving RLS,
UE can receive and combine a relevant grant under serving RLS.

Non-serving E-DCH RLS or Non-serving RLS：非服务E-DCH RLS

 A set of cells that have no E-DCH serving cell, One UE can has zero, one or
multiple non-serving RLS, UE can only receive a relevant grant under Non-
serving RLS.
HSUPA basic principle
SRNC DRNC
MAC-d
FP
MAC-es

Iur/Iub FP

1 TNL bearer per MAC-d flow

NodeBs Iur/Iub FP NodeBd FP E-DCH

Active Set
MAC-e MAC-e
Serving RLS
Scheduler
MRC MRC

E-HICH (ACK/NACKs)
E-RGCH (relative grants)
E-DCH Serving
serving cell (ChCode, signature -> UE)
Non-serving
Cell RLS
E-AGCH
(Absolute Grants,
"E-RNTI" -> UE) E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH

UE
MAC-e/

HSUPA working
MAC-es Only one cell is in charge of E-DCH
principle under MAC-d scheduling under the state of non-soft
soft handover DTCHs handover, that is E-DCH serving cell.
HSUPA basic working process (1)
Establishing process of dedicated channel E-DCH

 UE sends service request to network side as the same process of

R99/R4.
 Upon receiving RAB establishment request, the SRNC determines to
select uplink E-DCH according to service attributes and sends the RL
SETUP message to NodeB. The RL SETUP message indicates which
RL is the E-DCH RL and which RL is the serving E-DCH RL.
 After establishing RL, the NodeB sends RL SETUP response to RNC.
The response message contains the E-AGCH/E-RGCH/E-HICH
scramble and channelization code, and E-RGCH/E-HICH signature
sequence. If the RLs contain the serving RL, the NodeB allocates E-
RNTI to the UE. The response message also contains the E-RNTI.
 The RNC sends UE the RB SETUP message, carrying E-RNTI,
mapping relationship between RB and Mac-d Flow, E-TFCS, Mac-d
Flow, E-AGCH/E-RGCH/E-HICH code resource and signature
information.
HSUPA basic working process (2)

E-DCH scheduling process

 UE has a E-DCH serving cell, the scheduling is processed
by the Node B which the E-DCH serving cell belongs to. E-
DCH serving cell sends scheduling command to UE by E-
AGCH, that is Absolute Grant, AG limits the maximal
resource that UE can use, AG includes the E-RNTI of UE,
and the maximal transmitting power that UE allows, etc.
 E-DCH serving cell and E-DCH non-serving cell send
Relative Grant though downlink channel E-RGCH, Relative
Grant is a offset to Absolute Grant (tiny tuning), its value
can be “Up”, “Hold”, or “Down“. Serving E-DCH RLS can
sends all these 3 values. Non-Serving E-DCH RLS can
only send “HOLD” or “DOWN”. Usually, the reason of
sending “DOWN” by non-Serving E-DCH RLS is uplink
overload.
HSUPA basic working process (3)
E-DCH data transmission and retransmission process

 According to the grant information received, the UE selects E-TFC. It sends

data (including data resent) in E-DPDCH, and E-TFC information, HARQ RV
information (RSN), and a Happy bit in E-DPCCH. The Happy bit notifies Node
B whether the UE is satisfied with the current resources (grant) allocated, that
is, whether higher grant is required.
 Firstly, the E-DCH data received from the different cells under the same Node
B of E-DCH Set is combined (MRC Combination), and then the data is sent to
Mac-e for processing. Each UE has a Mac-e in each Node B. The Mac-e de-
multiplexes the Mac-e PDU to MAC-es PDU and sends it to RNC. The Mac-e
also sends E-DCH scheduling information and the ACK/NACK of HARQ.
 Each UE has a Mac-es entity in SRNC. When receiving MAC-es PDUs from
different Node Bs, the Mac-es performs macro diversity combination, re-sorts
their order, divides them into Mac-d PDUs, and sends them to Mac-d.
 HARQ process: The UE sends HARQ RV (retransmission serial number, RSN)
through uplink E-DPCCH. The Node B sends the ACH/NACH through
downlink E-HICH.
HSUPA physical channel forming process

E-DPDCH Fixed reference channel 3 (FRC3)

Information Bit Payload NINF = 8100

CRC Addition NINF = 8100 24

Code Block Segmentation (8100+24)/2 = 4062 (8100+24)/2 = 4062

Turbo Encoding (R=1/3) 3 x (NINF+24)/2 = 12186 12 3 x (NINF+24)/2 = 12186 12

RV Selection 11520

Physical Channel Segmentation 3840 3840 1920 1920

2ms subframe 2ms subframe

SF=2 SF=2 SF=4 SF=4

HSUPA UE Category
Max. Transmission
E-DCH Codes X Data Rate
TTI Block Size (bit)
Category Spreading (10ms/2ms)
(10ms/2ms)
Category 1 1×SF4 10ms 7110 0.71Mbps
1.45Mbps/1.42M
Category 2 2×SF4 10ms, 2ms 14484/2798
bps
Category 3 2×SF4 10ms 14484 1.45Mbps

Category 4 2×SF2 10ms, 2ms 20000/5772 2Mbps/2.9Mbps

Category 5 2×SF2 10ms 20000 2Mbps

2×SF2＋
Category 6 10ms, 2ms 20000/11484 2Mbps/5.76Mbps
2×SF4

Remark: Data Rate = (Max. Transmission Block Size + 36bit CRC) / TTI
Content

 HSUPA Basic Principle

 HSUPA Key Technologies
 HSUPA Performance Analysis
 HSUPA Evolution Strategy
HARQ – Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request
 HARQ is an error correction technology. The "hybrid" is the
combination of forward error correction (FEC) and automatic repeat
request (ARQ)
 HARQ function is located in MAC-e entity of Node B and UE.
 The fast HARQ of HSUPA is implemented by adding an HARQ
functional entity in Node B. If data is not received correctly, the Node B
will request the UE to resend the uplink packet data.
 In uplink, HARQ adopts the N channel Stop And Wait (NSAW) protocol.
 In HSUPA, 10ms TTI corresponds to 4 HARQ processes, and 2ms TTI
to 8 HARQ processes.

HARQ - Reduce transmission delay and improve throughput of UE and system

HARQ retransmission combination
 The forward error correction of uplink HARQ provides two modes,
namely, Chase Combining (CC) and Incremental Redundancy (IR)
 The information resented by CC mode has the same content as the
original information, which is processed with maximal ratio combining
before UE decodes it. Thus, the decoding grain is increased.
 The IR retransmission supports two retransmission modes:
 The IR enables different redundancy information to be sent in
retransmission. Thus, the data cannot be decoded unless the data sent by
the first time and that retransmitted are combined.
 The IR also enables the same redundancy information to be sent in
retransmission. However, that information can be self-decoded. With
incremental redundancy given in each HARQ retransmission, the forward
error correction capability is enhanced.

Node B uses different ways to combine the multiple retransmissions of a single packet,
decrease the receive Ec/No of each transmission. With HARQ, HSUPA can effectively
increase data transmission rate and shorten transmission delay.
Retransmission comparing between HSUPA
HARQ and R99 RLC

 The fast HARQ may cause higher target block error rate (BLER) in the first transmission,
because it enables shorter delay in resending the packets that are not correctly received
previously compared with RLC retransmission.
 The higher BLER target can reduce the transmit power that is required by the UE in
transferring the data of certain rate. Therefore, for the same cell load, the fast HARQ can
increase the cell capacity.
 When the data rate is fixed, the energy decreasing of each bit can improve the coverage.
Uplink HARQ Soft Handoff
 In CDMA system, the software handoff
gain is generated when a Node B
receives packets correctly, while
another Node B cannot decode.
 In the soft handoff of HSUPA HARQ,
one Node B sends acknowledgement
(ACK) to the UE, while the other one
sends negative acknowledgement
(NACK). In this case, the network
already receives the packet, and the UE
should not sent the same packet.
Accordingly, the HARQ process of the
Node B that receives packet incorrectly
can resume from the reception failure.
The RNC must ensure the sequence of
the packet and send it to the upper layer,
and performs selective combination of
the packets received from different
Node Bs.
 In the process of SHO, UE can perform retransmission only when all Node Bs in the active set
can’t decode correctly, otherwise, UE will not perform retransmission if there is one ACK.
 SHO enables link diversity gain, improves throughput effectively, and reduces retransmission
times.
Fast Packet Scheduling
 To R99/R4/R5, packet
scheduling is based on
RNC.
 In HSUPA, the
scheduling is located in
Node B, and the
scheduling period can
be 2ms, to implement
fast scheduling strategy,
thus, the uplink air
interface capacity can be
effectively utilized.
 The packet scheduling controlled by RNC will cause some delay, so the change of current
channel can not be reflected quickly, thus, the fast link self-adaptation and fast packet
scheduling can not be performed.
 In HSUPA, the packet scheduling entity of Node B can directly use real-time measurement
information of physical layer, inner statistic information and the information reported by UE to
perform scheduling, thus, to reduce the system transmission delay by utilizing the situation of
channel and fading attribute of different users.
Fast Uplink Packet Scheduling
Uplink and downlink radio packet scheduling have the different
complication of resource controlling.
 In downlink: Node B can easily get the information of buffer occupation of each
service streaming, and the downlink power is central controlled, so Node B can
allocate and free the power resource accurately, thus to control the system
load efficiently and ensure the QoS of each service.
 In Uplink: the time delay and uncertainty are existed in uplink service
streaming cause the information of it need to be reported to Node B by radio
channel. In uplink, each UE has its own power source, because of the time
variability of radio channel and the limitation of code resource, the accurate
control of uplink system resource (total uplink power) became more
complicated, so as to the uplink packet scheduling.

The function of Node B scheduler:

 As serving Node B, Allocate uplink resource to the UEs under serving E-DCH cell.
 As non-serving Node B, detect the interference of other cells and send relative grant
information to UEs.
 Notify SRNC while there is short of processing resource.
Uplink Packet Scheduling Model

Service
…… Code resource
management

Radio Channel
queue of
user 1
Resource
Service
queue of
…… allocation
user 1
Link quality
Service
queue of
…… detection
user 1

 In order to confirm the uplink transmission rate and transmitting power, some
information of user must be known like the situation of serving streaming and
available power, etc. which is named SI (Scheduling Information).
 SI is periodically reported in HSUPA, and the period of report is integral times
of TTI, SI is multiplexed with packet data.
 Node B allocates uplink resource to user according to the SI information
multiplexed from received data, that is, Node B sends resource indication of
scheduling Absolute Grant by downlink AGCH channel.
Scheduling Resource Compensation
Mechanism
The shortage of SI transmission

 The error of SI transmission is unavoidable and the report is unreliable

cause of being transmitted by the radio channel.
 Node B adopts periodical scheduling, but the SI may be not accurately
reflect the UE situation at real time.
 While the situation of radio channel is bad, the SI will not be received
correctly before it has been multiple retransmitted. That causes time
delay.

Compensation Mechanism

In HSUPA, Node B performs tiny tuning to the resource

allocated to UE by sending Relative Grant through RGCH
channel
Scheduling Resource Compensation Process
 UE reports Happy bit to Node B in E-DPCCH, Happy bit
has 1 bit to indicate if UE is satisfied with the allocated
resource. After UE received the resource indication, it will
make a judgment according to the following principle:
 UE has surplus power for the scheduling resource.
 The required time for transmitting all the data in buffer will exceed 1
TTI by using the allocated power resource.
 UE will express its “un-satisfaction” to Node B by Happy bit,
and will require more resource to be allocated.
 If UE report “satisfy”, then Node B will indicate to keep the
current allocated resource.
Packet scheduling is not simply adjust the resource of UE according to the
situation of UE, it will integrate with the system load, channel state and
QoS of different service, etc. it’s a balance between system indices
(system throughput, fairness) and service QoS (time delay, packet missing
rate).
Packet Scheduling Priority Allocation
 In the process of packet scheduling, the most important
thing is how to decide the sequence for the users who are
striving for resources, so the system resource can be
efficiently utilized, the system throughput will reach its
maximum state, and try best to make every user satisfied.
 In 3GPP, there are two arithmetic that determine the
performance boundary.
 One is base on C/I, it provides maximal system throughput while
lost its fairness.
 Another is RR, it provides equal chance to every user, but the
system throughput is bad.
 The popular scheduling arithmetic include Round Robin,
Max C/I and Proportional Fair, they all can be regarded as
scheduling base on Priority, but their allocation strategy is
different.
Uplink Noise Rising probability
Comparison of Uplink Noise Rising probability between RNC scheduling and Node B scheduling

When UE stop transmitting

or reduce transmission
data rate, Node B
scheduler can allocate the
released capacity to other
UE quickly and effectively.

 The obvious reduction in scheduling period enables the uplink air interface capacity to be
better controlled dynamically, and the resource of air interface will be effectively utilized.
 The potential advantage is that the running target of uplink load can be more
approached to the maximal level of load, but it will not improve the probability of
overload, thus, the probability of uplink noise rising is lower than that caused RNC
scheduling.
Effect of Fast Packet Scheduling on Maximum
Expected Load
 The probability of uplink load
target is much more near that of
maximum load limit when the
marginal load area becomes
smaller (The Prx_target is more
closer to the Prx_threshold. The
Prx_threshold is the overload
threshold).
 The Node B-based scheduling
requires the information related
to UE uplink transmission
demand. The UE should be
informed of the current data rate
allowed through fast signaling
within specified time.
 To RNC, these operations are
implemented through RRC
signaling, the response speed
of which is restricted obviously.
2ms TTI
E-DCH Max. Min. Max. transmission Max. transmission
type E-DCH Spread TTI type block size block size
channels Factor (10ms TTI) (2ms TTI)
Category 1 1 SF4 10 ms TTI only 7110 -

Category 2 2 SF4 10 ms and 14484 2798

2 ms TTI
Category 3 2 SF4 10 ms TTI only 14484 -

Category 4 2 SF2 10 ms and 20000 5772

2 ms TTI
Category 5 2 SF2 10 ms TTI only 20000 -

Category 6 4 SF2 10 ms and 20000 11484

2 ms TTI

 As a option, a shorter 2ms TTI is described in uplink of HSUPA to decrease

the HARQ retransmission delay.
 When each TTI contains the same amount of data, the energy transmitted in 2
ms is less than that in 10 ms possibly, and the interleaving gain decreases.
Therefore, to ensure normal operation in cell edge, 10 ms TTI must be used.
 when there is no other constraint like link coverage, 2ms TTI helps increase
system capacity. In favorable radio environment, 2ms TTI can bring higher
peak rate.
Content

 HSUPA Basic Principle

 HSUPA Key Technologies
 HSUPA Performance Analysis
 HSUPA Evolution Strategy
Influence of the Introduced HSUPA on
Original Network

Influence of HSUPA on Network includes:

 Occupy downlink code resource.

 Occupy downlink power resource.
 increase the uplink interference of network, impact
on link budget, capacity and coverage.
 impact on terrestrial transmission bandwidth.
Influence of the Introduced HSUPA on
R99/R4/R5
 The new function, new physical channel and new MAC entity are added. The data rate in the
uplink is enhanced. It is necessary to upgrade the software of Node B and RNC. It also
requires the new terminal to support the HSUPA.
 Higher data rate may require higher baseband capacity and function. It may be necessary to
change the hardware in Node B and RNC, but not compulsory.

Influence on Iu* Interface:

 Influence on Iub/Iur Interface:
 Control plane: Add the IEs that are related to configuring and controlling E-
DCH channel and resource, and the Node B scheduling operation and
MAC Multiplexing, etc.
 User plane: Add new frame structure for E-DCH, support 2ms and 10ms
TTI.
 Influence on Iu Interface: there is no influence on Iu interface.
Influence of HSUPA on Network Planning –
Coverage and Link Budget
 In consideration of the fact that the HSUPA provides the uploading
service for VIP customers in core urban areas, it is advisable to select
the dense urban area model to conduct HSUPA link budget.
 In order to conduct the planning comparison with R99, here we
compare the typical uplink service of the independent R99 planning
with the link budget of the HSUPA uplink service and analyze them.
 There is sufficient reservation for the shadow margin and the
penetration margin in the table in order to reflect the dense urban area
model. The COST231 path loss model is also used in calculating the
coverage radius.
4 modes are set by HSUPA, the detail information of HUSPA of each mode is:
HSUPA Bitrate Spread Factor Eb/No Coding Remark
mode kbps (dB) Efficiency
Mode1 64 SF1 = 16 0.8 0.267 coverage situation at the edge of
low speed HSUPA service
Mode2 480 SF1 = 4 0.95 0.5 Medium and low speed
Mode3 960 SF1 = 4，SF2 = 4 1.05 0.5 Medium and high speed
Mode4 1920 SF1 = 2，SF2 = 2 1.1 0.5 coverage situation of high speed
HSUPA service coverage
 Uplink Link Budget Comparison between
HSUPA and R99
R99 HSUPA
cs12.2k cs64k ps64k mode1 mode2 mode3 mode4
Maximal transmission power (dbm) 21 24 24 24 24 24 24

Transmissio Antenna gain (dbi) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

n end Human body loss (db) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Effective transmission power 18 24 24 24 24 24 24
Thermal noise power spectrum density -174 -174 -174 -174 -174 -174 -174
(dbm/HZ)
Thermal noise power (dbm) -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157
Receiver noise coefficient (db) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Receiver noise (dbm) -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157
Interference margin (db) 3 3 3 6 6 6 6
Receiving
end Code channel quantity 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Bit rate (kbit) 12.2 64 64 64 480 960 1920
Processing gain (db) 24.97971 17.78151 17.78151 17.78151 9.0309 9.0309 6.0206
Receiving Eb/No (db) 4.2 2.87 1.6 0.8 0.95 1.05 1.1
Receiver sensitivity -122.936 -117.068 -118.338 -116.138 -107.238 -107.138 -104.077
Antenna gain (dbi) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Power control margin 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Soft handover gain 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Others
Shadow fading margin 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Penetration loss 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Maximal allowed path loss 127.9364 128.0682 129.3382 127.1382 118.2376 118.1376 115.0773
Coverage radius (km) 0.447171 0.45104 0.490083 0.424437 0.23721 0.235665 0.192937
Uplink Link Budget Comparison and Analysis
between HSUPA and R99
The interference margin of R99 link budget that the prior table corresponds
to is 3dB, and that of HSUPA is 6dB (HSUPA can more effectively control
system overload probability under the same average interference margin
requirement).
 As shown in the prior table, the 12.2k, 64k service of R99 almost have
the same coverage, the radius of dense urban is about 450m, the
distance between two sites is about 780m. The low speed HSUPA
service (mode1) can have the same coverage as 12.2k.
 In mode2, it is very hard to bear 480kbps, because there is only one
SF code. And the radius of coverage is shrunk to about 240m.
 In mode3, for the bearing speed is improved and the SF code is
increased to 2, the radius of coverage can be kept in about 240m.
 For the high speed uplink service (mode4), the bearing speed is
improved to 2Mbps with 2 SF codes, And the radius of coverage is
shrunk to about 190m.
Link Budget Comparison of HSUPA/R99 in
Co-frequency Networking Mode
R99 HSUPA

cs12.2k cs64k ps64k mode1 mode2 mode3 mode4

Maximal
allowed 124.9364 125.0682 126.3382 127.1382 118.2376 118.1376 115.0773
path loss

Coverage
0.367542 0.370722 0.402812 0.424437 0.23721 0.235665 0.192937
radius (km)

 According to link budget, under the co-frequency situations, the introduction of the
relatively high interference margin threshold causes R99 service coverage radius
shrinkage. The 12.2k service radius shrinks by 10% ~ 20%. In this network planning,
HSUPA 64k service, or service whose rate is slightly higher than 64k can reach the
whole network coverage. The peak 1,920 kbps service coverage radius can reach 50%
of the planned cell radius, that is, it can cover about 25% of the area of the whole cell.
 Through the above analysis, it can be known that the low speed HSUPA service (Mode
1) can basically guarantee to maintain the same coverage relation with planned R99
coverage range when HSUPA and R99 jointly conduct the uplink planning. When
HSUPA user rate rises, its service coverage shrinks. At the same time, as the HSUPA is
introduced, in co-frequency construction, planned R99 range will somewhat shrink.
Summary of HSUPA impacting on Network
Planning and Analysis
HSUPA impacting on Network Planning and Analysis includes:

 HSUPA network construction strategy: Cover the whole network with relatively low rate.
Focus on the coverage of dense urban areas, to ensure the high rate of uplink
transmission in hotspot areas. It is recommended that for the planning the initial stage, it
is advisable to refer to HSDPA coverage range, conduct key coverage in hotspot areas,
and just conduct the low speed coverage in the edge areas of common cell.
 In HSUPA planning, under the conditions that the same overload probability is ensured,
and RRM control algorithm is further optimized, in order to enhance uplink throughput,
in setting uplink interference margin, it is recommended not to use the common R99
uplink 3dB as the noise raise threshold, and the value 5 ~ 6dB is recommended.
 In the co-frequency planning of HSUPA and R99, if the interference margin threshold is
raised, it will cause the previous R99 uplink planned budget radius to shrink. As to how
much it will shrink specifically, it is necessary to conduct subsequent and further study.
From link budget analysis, it shrinks by about 10 ~ 20%. In inter-frequency networking,
there is basically no influence on R99 uplink planning.
 Via the link budget, it can be known that HSUPA 64k service budget radius is slightly
smaller than R99 12.2k and 64k service radiuses under the inter-frequency HSUPA
networking conditions; HSUPA 64k service budget radius is slightly bigger than R99
12.2k and 64k service radiuses under the co-frequency networking conditions. Analyzed
in a comprehensive manner, the low speed HSUPA service can implement the same
coverage with the planned R99 range.
HSUPA theoretic data rate
 HSUPA Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel E-DPDCH supports SF=2～256,
and multiple channels. Adopts QPSK modulation and coding rate 1/3 (turbo). If the
coding rate is 1, then the maximal transmission capacity of Enhanced Uplink Dedicated
Physical Channel is up to 5.76Mbit/s by data rate matching arithmetic。

Fixed Ref Coding Max inf bit

TTI [ms] NINF SF1 SF2 SF3 SF4 NBIN
Channel rate rate [kbps]
FRC1 2 2706 4 4 0 0 3840 0.705 1353.0
FRC2 2 5412 2 2 0 0 7680 0.705 2706.0
FRC3 2 8100 2 2 4 4 11520 0.703 4050.0
FRC4 2 11484 2 2 4 4 11520 0.99 5742.0
FRC5 10 5076 4 0 0 0 9600 0.529 507.6
FRC6 10 9780 4 4 0 0 19200 0.509 978.0
FRC7 10 19278 2 2 0 0 38400 0.502 1927.8
FRC8 10 690 16 0 0 0 2400 0.288 69.0

 Remark：Coding rate=NINF/ NBIN

 NBIN=3840 / SF x TTI sum for all channels
HSUPA data rate transmission efficiency (1)
HARQ Influence

 HSUPA complies with the HARQ protocol, generating performance gain for EDCH via
link level retransmission and retransmission times. As the fast feedback retransmission
of the physical layer reduces the RLC retransmission and the corresponding delay, it is
possible to effectively improve the service experience of end users. It can enable
HSUPA physical channel to work in the channel whose bit error ratio is relatively high,
thus improving the system capacity.
 When the uplink uses the inner loop power control, the retransmission ratio of the initial
transmission can reach 10-30% to maintain the given quality grade. A large quantity of
retransmission will lead to the decline of the throughput of end users, while excessively
low retransmission ratio will not generate any gain of any relatively previous version for
the HARQ controlled by Node B. Soft combination can further improve the system
performance of HARQ mechanism controlled by Node B.
 The HSUPA adopts the synchronous HARQ, and there are strict timing relations for the
operations of different HARQ processes. The synchronous HARQ effectively lowers the
signaling overhead caused by HARQ operation, thereby improves system capacity.
 HARQ is mainly used in interactive, background and streaming services. Therefore, to
adopt HARQ in HSUPA, attention should be focused on the following:
 Delay reduction
 More users and improvement of system throughput
HSUPA data rate transmission efficiency (2)
Ped A 3km/h, 144kbps/480kbps, real CE, 4% TPC error
Throughput comparison under PA
3km/h Conditions 500

CC(480kbps)
NC(480kbps)
400 CC(144kbps)
NC(144kbps)
Soft Combining

Throughput [kbps]
Influence of HARQ 300

200

100

0
-22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4
received Ec/No [dB]

 In the HARQ protocol, it is necessary to retransmit the data that can not be correctly received. And
it is possible to generate the gain in throughput for the UE whose transmission power is limited by
using Soft Combining, and the retransmission times can be effectively reduced.
 The algorithm which adopts the soft combining brings much more gain than that which does not
adopt the soft combining. This is because that the soft combing fully utilizes the bit information of
the previous transmission. Therefore, the gain is more remarkable when the Ec/No is relatively low.
HSUPA data rate transmission efficiency (3)
Throughput comparison under PA 3km/h & no soft handover
CC, SHO (2 links), PA 3kmph, 144kbps, 0dB imb

150

Throughput [kbps]
100
Macro Diversity
Influence
50

w/ div
w/o div

0
-22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Total received Ec/No in the active set [dB]

 When macro diversity technology is adopted, the UE will conduct the retransmission only
when no Node B in all the activated sets can correctly decode the data. Otherwise, the UE
will not execute the retransmission as long as there is one ACK.
 Adopting macro diversity brings remarkable performance gain, effectively improves
throughput, and reduces the retransmission times.
HSUPA cell performance analysis
HSUPA cell performance analysis is evaluated in the following aspects: The
average throughput of cell, average throughput of a single user, UE
scheduling fairness, service delay and RoT overload rate

 HSUPA cell throughput demonstrates the function relationship between the average RoT
of the cell and the system throughput. Besides being influenced by such factors as the
UE quantity, the geographical position where the UE is located and the wireless
propagation condition, UE data transmission request, and the uplink interferences of the
cells around it, it is also influenced by different wireless and packet scheduling polices
and scheduling algorithm.
 The fairness curve refers to the density accumulation distribution function of the
normalization of user throughput by the average throughput of each user, and it reflects
the scheduling fairness.
 The service delay includes the packet call delay and packet delay. The packet call delay
refers to the time period between two consecutive packet transmission requests. For the
FTP user, the packet call delay refers to the time the FTP uploads the file. The packet
delay refers to the time necessary for the reception of the packet message at Node B.
 RoT overload ratio reflects the ratio of RoT when it exceeds a certain designated RoT
threshold value
Influence of 2 ms TTI on system performance
Average Packet Delay for FTP Users
Comparison of 2ms and 10ms Cell Throughput- Mixed Channel Packet Delay for FTP Users
35
2ms vs. 10ms, mixed channel, PF
30

Packet Delay [s]

25
40
Throughput Gain (%)

20
30
15
20 10
5
10
0
0 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Average RoT [dB]
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
TTI=2ms TTI=10ms
Avg. RoT (dB)
Average Packet Delay for Video Users
 In HSUPA, the shorter frame structure Packet Delay for Video Users
1.8
whose TTI is 2ms is adopted. The shorter 1.6

Packet Delay [s]

frame structure can increase the 1.4
1.2
retransmission times of Layer 1 within the 1
designated time, thereby improving the link 0.8
efficiency and throughput. Corresponding to 0.6
0.4
the same physical layer delay, the shorter 0.2
frame structure can effectively lower the 0
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
delay of the upper-layer transmission Average RoT [dB]
TTI=2ms TTI=10ms
Influence of HARQ on system performance
 Influence of HARQ on Cell Throughput

 We conduct the simulated analysis on the influence of HARQ on the average

throughput of the cell when HARQ is on and when it is off. It can be seen that
due to the adoption of HARQ and the soft combining technology, the link
spectrum efficiency is improved, and the cell throughput is improved by at least
200kpbs. This corresponds to the improvement of HARQ to link performance.
Influence of Soft Handover on System
Performance
 Influence of Soft Handover on Cell Throughput

 We analyze, via simulation, the influence on the average throughput of the cell
in the system when there has soft handover (includes softer handover) and
when there is no soft handover. It can be seen that due to the adoption of soft
handover technology, the link diversity gain is generated, and the cell
throughput is improved by at least 120 kpbs.
Content

 HSUPA Basic Principle

 HSUPA Key Technologies
 HSUPA Performance Analysis
 HSUPA Evolution Strategy
Radio Communication Technology
Development Overview
 The radio communication development process from 2G, 3G to 3.9G,
is that of developing from mobile voice service to high speed data
service.
 Nowadays the radio communication technology is evolved to 3.5G, to
WCDMA, it can provide commercial R5 version and trial R6 version.
 The R7/HSPA+ and R8/LTE standards are being consummated by 3GPP,
it is forecasted that the R7 will be frozen in 2007, R8 will be frozen in 2008.
 To the development of radio communication technology, more
attention should be paid to the requirement of operators – the
development target of system from NGMN group
Radio Communication Technology Evolution

2G 2.5G 2. 75G 3G 3.5G 3. 75 G 3.9G

WCDMA
GSM GPRS HSDPA HSUPA LTE
R99

EDGE
HSPA+

CDMA CDMA2000 EV-DO EV-DO

IS-95 AIE
2000 1X 1X EV-DO Rev. A Rev. B

CDMA2000
1X EV-DV
 WCDMA Technology Evolution Roadmap
Year
2002-3 2003-4 2005-6 2007-9 After 2009
64-144kbps 64-384kbps 384kbps-4Mbps 384kbps-7Mbps 20-50Mbps
Downlink
Throughput
3G NGMN
3G+HSDPA HSDPA/HSUP （LTE,…）
GSM 3G Downlink A Broadband radio
R99 IP based wideband
GPRS/EDGE Enhanced Downlink/Uplink
Peer to Peer
Enhanced

NGMN
Optimized UMTS
Enhanced UMTS
3G
GSM(GPRS/EDGE)