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The document discusses truss design concepts including:
- Rafters experience more axial load and less bending load as roof pitch increases.
- Coupled rafters spread walls outward without a tie member, but a simple triangular truss is formed by adding a tie member.
- Nail plate connectors are important for distributing joint loads across a larger area in timber trusses.
The document discusses truss design concepts including:
- Rafters experience more axial load and less bending load as roof pitch increases.
- Coupled rafters spread walls outward without a tie member, but a simple triangular truss is formed by adding a tie member.
- Nail plate connectors are important for distributing joint loads across a larger area in timber trusses.
The document discusses truss design concepts including:
- Rafters experience more axial load and less bending load as roof pitch increases.
- Coupled rafters spread walls outward without a tie member, but a simple triangular truss is formed by adding a tie member.
- Nail plate connectors are important for distributing joint loads across a larger area in timber trusses.
Traditional roofing materials such as thatch and shingles are not waterproof - they require steep pitches to shed water. As the pitch of the roof increases, the rafters feel more axial load and less bending load. This is because the load increasingly runs down the rafter (thus compressing it) rather than running across it like a beam. Roofs of this type were often constructed with a load bearing ridge beam Coupled rafters lean on each other at the top and obviate the need for a load bearing ridge. At the bottom however, the axial thrust down the rafters tends to spread the walls outwards. In traditional construction, large buttresses were used to stop this spread from happening By adding a member tying the bottoms of the coupled rafters to prevent them spreading the walls apart, a simple triangular truss is formed i.e. the rafters are in compression; the tie member is in tension; beam action in all members is minimal The underlying concepts in the example have since been used to more fully utilise axial loading in advanced truss design Holding Triangles Together with Nail Plates Even though joints can usually be thought of as hinges, trusses depend a lot on their joints. This is challenging because of the different three dimensional properties in timber. The stress concentrations at single point joints such as bolts, cause problems as shown in the top sketch. Multiple-toothed nail plate connectors used in trusses, successfully deal with this by distributing the joint loads across a larger area. The timber truss industry as we know it would not be possible without nail plate connectors. The plates are used in pairs - identical plates are pressed in each side of the joint using special equipment in a factory. Bottom Chord Defines the bottom member of the truss, usually horizontal, and carrying a combined tension and some bending stress (from gravity loads). Top Chord Defines the top members of the truss, usually sloping, and carrying combined compression and some bending stress (from gravity loads) Web Webs are members joining top and bottom chords to form a truss. They may be in tension or compression depending on the truss design. Apex The point where the chords meet. This can be either a Top Chord Apex or much less commonly a Bottom Chord Apex (not shown). The Top Chord Apex of multiple trusses in a row, forms the ridge line of the roof. Heel The point on a truss where the undersides of the Top and Bottom Chords join. Panel points The points where web members and chord members meet Span The distance between the outer edges of the load bearing walls supporting the trusses (usually heel to heel) Overhang – Eaves OH The part of the Top Chord that extends beyond the intersection with the bottom chord. It forms the eaves overhang of the roof. TRUSS TYPES FOR GABLE ROOFS To make gable roof shapes, standard trusses are simply added together at regular intervals for the length of the building. This is very efficient in terms of truss production because only one truss setup is required CLEAR SPANNING INTERNAL WALLS Trusses can span long distances in one go. External walls are usually used to provide support but internal walls are not needed. Internal walls cause problems if used for support because they change the way the truss works. To prevent this: External load bearing walls are made slightly Detail that should be used
higher than internal walls, leaving a gap between
the bottom chord and the internal wall Problem because Special partition wall is built hard up under brackets fix the bottom chord to the bottom chord with internal no gap wall – the brackets maintain a gap and allow the bottom chord to move up and down Rafter roof Purlin roof
Collar roof Roof frame structures of trussed rafters
Two King post trusses linked to support a roof. Key:1: ridge board, 2: purlins, 3: common rafters. This is an example of a "double roof" with principal rafters and common rafters.
King post truss.
Key: 1: King post, 2: tie beam, 3: principal rafters, 4: struts Queen post truss. Key: 1: Queen posts, 2: tie beam, 3: straining beam, 4: principal rafters.
Open trusses:Arch-braced truss.
Key: 1: principal rafters, 2: collar beam, 3: arch braces.