Philippine Manual

of Legal Citations
MABBUN, JOHN ROLAND P.
SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG
PRIMARY SOURCES
COURT DECISIONS

A. CASE NAMES
 GENERAL RULE: Cite cases by giving the surname of the parties, the volume of
the report title, and page of reports, and the year of promulgation in parenthesis.
Abbreviate versus or contra as v. Underscore the title of the case or italicize it if it
is printed when used in text; put the source in the footnote. If the case is cited in
the footnote use roman or ordinary type.
EXAMPLE: Panadero v. Hogan, 887 Phil. 34 (2015)
 EXCEPTIONS: Cite Islamic, Chinese, Korean or Vietnamese names in full. As to
those with Christian first names, follow the general rule.
EXAMPLES: Ching Chong Chang v. Galang not Chang v. Galang
Chua v. Cole not James F. Chua v Cole
COURT DECISIONS

 Only cite the first listed when two or more actions are considered in
one decision. Et al or other terms to indicate omitted parties should
be avoided.
 If the case contains 2 different names, use the one listed first. Do not
include the party’s designation ex. plaintiff, defendant, appellant,
appellee, petitioner, respondent, etc.
COURT DECISIONS

 Cite compound names in full

EXAMPLES: Dela Fuente v. Sandiganbayan not Fuente v.
Sandiganbayan
 Always cite the names of corporations, associations, business firms
and partnerships in full. Words forming the name may be
abbreviated, except the 1st word. Examples are “&” “Ass’n” “Co.,”
“Inc.” unless a word begins as a party’s name
EXAMPLE: Gonzales v. Gagambino Trading, Corp.
COURT DECISIONS

 Cite cases involving the Government of the Philippines and criminal

cases as follows:
Government v. ____________________;
Commonwealth v __________________:
Republic v. ______________________;
U.S v. ________________________;
People v. ___________________;
depending upon the title of the case.
EXAMPLE: People v. Respenosa.
COURT DECISIONS

 When citing cases involving public officers or offices:

(a) Where the person is named in his official capacity, give the name
of the person only.
EXAMPLE: City of Manila v. Ilagan not City of Manila v. Jeremy Ilagan,
in his capacity as Civil Service Commissioner.
(b) Where the office is named, give the complete name of the office.
EXAMPLE: Collector of Internal Revenue v. Ching Chang Chong
 Always cite Municipality of _____________, City of __________,
Province of _____________, as they appear in the decisions.
 EXAMPLE: City of Manila v. Gonzales Trading Corp.
COURT DECISIONS
B. CASE REPORTS
 Supreme Court Decisions
When the decision is already found in the officially published Philippine Reports,
indicate only the Philippine Reports (Phil.) citation.
 Philippine Reports should be cite as: volume Phil. page (year)
EXAMPLE: Francisco v. Nyam 34 Phil. 142 (1996)
 Official Gazette should always be cite as : GR No. ____, date promulgated,
volume O. G. page (month and year of issue)
EXAMPLE: Santos v. Sambat, GR No. 124134, September 24, 1997, 12 O.G. 3241 (Nov.
1999)
 If the decision is found in a supplement, indicate supplement number, page and
date of issue.
EXAMPLE: 34 O.G. Supp. No. 12, 43 (Dec. 1988)
COURT DECISIONS

 General Register should be cite as : GR No. ____, date of

promulgation, omitting the L which refers to post-liberation
decisions.
EXAMPLE: Sontiso v. Galeng, GR. No. 147231, November 19, 1997.
 Unofficial Reporters : SCRA ( Supreme Court Reports Annotated) or
SCAD (Supreme Court Advanced Decisions). Cite the page where
the case can be found but only after G.R. docket no. and date of
promulgation is cited.
EXAMPLE: People v Jackson, G.R. No. 34124, November 3, 2005, 123
SCRA 345 (2007)
COURT DECISIONS

 For disciplinary cases against attorneys-at-law

 Cite as: Adm. Case No. ______________, date of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: Roland v. De la Paz, Adm. Case NO. 45324, July 2, 2011.
 For disciplinary cases against judges
 Cite as: A.M. (Administrative Manner) No. _______-(indicate whether
MTj, RTJ or CA) and date of decision.
EXAMPLE: Ucoy v. Lacson, A.M. No.-MTJ-5243-1234, January 23, 2008.
 For disciplinary cases against personnel of the judiciary
 Cite as: A.M. No. P-____ and date of decision
 EXAMPLE: Awow v. Marquez, A.M. No. P-12-1241, October 3, 2000
COURT DECISIONS

 For questions on the practice of law

 Cite as: B.M (Bar Matter) No. _______ and date of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: Rules of Procedure of the Commission on Bar Discipline, B.M.
No. 1233, June 20, 2005.
 Court of Appeals Decisions
 Appellate Court Reports should be cite as: volume C.A. Rep. page
(year)
EXAMPLE: Hainaku v. Bayaneh, 5 C.A. Rep. 432 (2002).
COURT DECISIONS
 Court of Appeals Reports, Second Series
 Cite as: C.A. Rep. 2d page (year)
EXAMPLE: Florante v. Laura, 3 C.A. Rep. 2d 45 (1995)
 Court of Appeals General Register
 Cite as: C.A. –G.R. No._____________-R, CV or SP and date of promulgation
EXAMPLE: Albano v. Sta. Maria, C.A.-G.R. No. 20401-R May 4, 2003.
 Official Gazette
 Cite as: C.A.-SP or CR or CV No. ___________,(date of promulgation, volume O.G.
page(month and year of issue)
 EXAMPLE: Saramento Mining Co. v. Elorde, C.A.-SP No. 1313, June 4, 2002, 56 O.G
1231 (September, 2004)
COURT DECISIONS

 Abbreviation for different categories of cases:

R(Remedies)
SP(Special Proceedings)
CR(Criminal Cases)
CV(Civil Cases)
UDK(Undocketed)
COURT DECISIONS

 Other Courts:
 Sandiganbayan Decisions
 Cite as: Sandiganbayan Crim Case No. _______, date of
promulgation, volume Sandigan bayan Rep. page (year of issue)
EXAMPLE: People v. Nakanam, Sandiganbayan Crim. Case No. 312,
November 5, 1999, 2 Sandiganbayan Rep. 232 (2003)
 Court of Tax Appeals Decisions
 Cite as: CTA Case No. _______, date of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: Galang v. Commissioner of Internal Revenues, CTA Case
No.543, July 3, 1996.
COURT DECISIONS

 Regional Trial Court Decisions

 Cite as: RTC(Place and Branch No.) Crim. Case or SP No. R-____,
date of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: People v. Lamar, RTC (San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Br. 45)
Crim. Case R-1324, May 3, 2007.
 Metropolitan Trial Courts Decisions
 Cite as: MeTC(Place and Branch No.) Civil or Crim. Case No.
____________, date of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: Chua v. Karampoy, MeTC(Paranaque Branch X) Civil Case
No. 21341, June 12, 2000.
COURT DECISIONS

 Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal

Circuit Trial Courts Decisions
 Cite as: MTCC, MCTC or MTC (Place) Crim. Case No. _________, date
of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: People v. Joven, MTCC (Paoay-Curimao, Ilocos Norte) Crim.
Case No. 123-C, February 13, 2002.
 Shari’ah District and Circuit Courts
 Cite as: Shari’ah Dist./Circ. Ct. (Place), type of case, case no. and
date of promulgation.
EXAMPLE: Abdul v. Bulkol, Shari’ah Dist. Ct. (Marawi City) SP No. 033-32,
June 2, 1999.
COURT DECISIONS

 Administrative Decisions
 Cite as: the name of the agency (when there is an abbreviated
form, use abbreviation or acronym),case no. and date of
promulgation.
EXAMPLE: Tiyoyo v. Zulueta, DENR Case No. 1232, April 23, 1989.
COURT DECISIONS

 Some of the Administrative Agencies and Boards exercising

regulatory and quasi-judicial functions and their citations:
Agricultural Inventions Board AIB
Bureau of Investments BOI
Bureau of Immigration BI
Civil Service Commission CSC
Commission on Audit COA
Department of Energy DOE
Department of Tourism DOT
COURT DECISIONS

Employees Compensation Commission ECC

Environmental Management Bureau EMB
Fair Trade Board FTB
Fiscal Incentive Review Board FIRB
Games and Amusements Board GAB
Land Transportation Office LTO
Monetary Board MB
National Food Authority NHA
Office of the Ombudsman OMBUSMAN
Philippine Coast Guard PCG
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 C. Constitution
- It should be cited in caps and small caps by reference to article ,
section and paragraph. When the Constitution is no longer in force,
put the year in parenthesis.
EXAMPLES: CONST. (1935), art II, sec. 4, par. (2)
CONST. art. IV.
- If writing for a foreign publication, indicate their country in
abbreviated form before the Constitution.
EXAMPLE: U.S CONST., art. VIII, sec. 1
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 D. Session Laws
Citation of source, e.g., Public Laws and Resolutions, Vital Documents
or Official Gazette is not required but may be added if it is a local
publication. Reference to section, article or paragraph should follow
after citation of statute in the text but should not precede the stature if
the citation is in the footnote.
 Public Laws, 1900 to 1934
 Cite as: Act No. _______(year of effectivity), volume PUBLIC LAWS
page.
EXAMPLE: Act No. 1125 (1905), art. 3
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Commonwealth Acts, 1935-1945

 Cite as: Com. Act No. __________(year of effectivity), volume PUBLIC
LAWS COM. page.
EXAMPLE: Com. Act No. 52 (1936), sec. 2 (c)
 Presidential Decree, September 21, 1972 to February 20, 1986
 Cite as: Pres. Decree No. _____________(year of effectivity), volume
VITAL DOCS. Page (if available)
EXAMPLE: Pres. Decree. 603 (1975)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Batas Pambansa, July 23, 1984 to February 1. 1986

 Cite as: Batas Blg. ________(year of effectivity), volume ACTS & RES.
Page (if available)
EXAMPLE: Batas Blg. 80 (1981), ACTS & RES. 1980-1981, 1-30.
 Republic Acts 1946 to 1972; 1987 to date
 Cite as: Rep. Act No. __________(year of effectivity), volume LAWS &
RES. Page.
EXAMPLE: Rep. Act No. 7080 (1991), sec. 2
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Codes
As a general rule, cite the name of the particular code, article number
(if any) without any indication of date. But when the code is no longer
in force or has been subsequently revised, put the year of effectivity in
parenthesis.
EXAMPLES: CIVIL CODE, art. 300
CIVIL CODE (1889), art. 70
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 E. Bills resolutions and Committee Reports

 Congress of the Philippines; 1946-1972; 1987- present
 Cite as: House where the bill, resolution or committee reports
originated, serial report number, the Congress, session and year in
parenthesis. For committee reports, give the name of the
committee.
EXAMPLES: S. No. 7, 6th Cong. 2nd Sess. (1986)
H. No. 12412, 5th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1965)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

Senate or House of Representatives Concurrent Resolutions (S. CON.

RES.)
Senate or House of Representatives Joint Resolution (S. JT. RES.)
Senate or House Committee Reports (H. RPT.)
Resolution of both Houses when sitting together but voting separately
(R. B. H. )
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Batasang Pambansa 1978-1986.

 Cite as: Origin of bill, bill number, the number of Batasang, number
of session, and the year in parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: P. B. No. 2684, 1st Batasan, 4th Sess. (1983)
 Committee reports
 Cite as: name of Committee, serial report number, number of
Batasan, number of the session and the year in parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: Committee on Civil Service Rpt. 599, 1st Batasan, 3rd Sess.
(1983)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 F. Treaties and International Agreements

 Cite as: name of the agreement and the exact date of signature by
the Philippines, the effectivity date or date of entry into force may be
given parenthetically at the end of the citation, shorten the title of the
cited agreement by substituting “Between the Republic of the
Philippines and” with “with”, and give the source of the text of the
treaty.
EXAMPLE: Treaty of Friendship with India, July 11,1952 (1953), II-2 D.F.T.A.T.S
1,2 P.T.S. 797 203 U.N.T.S 73.
 Examples of Treaty Sources:
Philippine Treaty Series P. T. S.
United Nations Treaty Series U. N. T. S
League of Nations Treaty Series L. N. T. S.
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 G. Presidential Acts and Issuances

 Executive Orders
 Cite as: Exec. Order No. _____ (year)
EXAMPLE: Exec. Order No. 134 (2003)
 Proclamations
 Cite as: Proc. No. _____(year)
EXAMPLE: Proc. No. 423 (1998)
 Administrative Orders
 Cite as: Adm. Order No. ____ (year).
EXAMPLE: Adm. Order No. 234 (2001)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Presidential Acts Under Martial Law

 General Orders
 Cite as: Gen. Order No. _____ (year).
EXAMPLE: Gen. Order No. 645 (2005)
 Letters of Instructions
 Cite as: L.O.A. No. _____(year).
EXAMPLE: L.O.A. No. 324 (1992)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 H. Opinions of the Secretary of Justice

 Cite as: Sec. of Justice Op. No. _____. Series (year).
EXAMPLE: Sec. of Justice Op. No. 1923. s. (2010).
 I. Administrative Rules and Regulations
 Cite as: Name of agency (where there is an abbreviation for the
agency, use abbreviation or acronym) together with the designation or
title employed in the rules, serial number, and year of promulgation in
parenthesis, . the designation “Rules and Regulations” is abbreviated as
“Rules & Reg.” or “Reg.” followed by a reference to section or
paragraph, and Where the promulgating agency is a Department,
indicate, where appropriate, the implementing bureau or office.
EXAMPLE: DNR(Forestry) Adm. O. No. 27 (1978)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 J. Ordinances
 Cite as: Name of the municipal or provincial unit, serial number of
ordinance, and date of effectivity.
EXAMPLE: Paranaque Ordinance 7687, Jan. 20, 1989
 K. Court Rules
 Cite as: Rules of Court is cited as a code. When the rules are no
longer in force, add year of effectivity in parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: RULES OF COURT, RULE 1, sec. 3.
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Family Court Rules

 Cite as: Indicate the abbreviated title of the Rule as well as the
Administrative Matter No. and date of effectivity.
EXAMPLE:
Rule Title Cite As

Rule on Custody of Minors and GUARFIANSHIP OF

Writ of Habeas Corpus in Relation MINORS RULE
to Custody of Minors,
A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC,
effective May 1, 2003
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 OTHER COURT RULES

 Cite as:
EXAMPLES:
Rules of Procedure in Election Contests MUN. OFFICIALS ELECT.
Before the Courts involving CONTESTS RULE
Elective Municipal Officials,
A.M. No. 10-4-1-SC,
effective May 15, 2010
STATUTORY MATERIALS

Rule on DNA Evidence, DNA EVD. RULE

A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, effective
October 15, 2007

Rule of Procedure for Environmental ENVTL.PROC. RULE

Cases, A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC,
effective April 13, 2010
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Internal Rules of Appellate Courts

 Cite as:
 EXAMPLES:
Rules of the Court of Tax Appeals, CTARULES
A.M. No. 05-11-SC
effective December 15,2005

Revised Rules of the Sandiganbayan, SANDIGANBAYAN

A.M. No. 2-6-07-SB, effective REV. RULES
October 1, 2002
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 Rules Affecting the Practice of Law

 Cite as:
EXAMPLES:
Bar Matter No. 1755 on Rules of CBD RULES
Procedure of the Commission On
Bar Discipline, effective September
26, 2007, as amended on June 7, 2008

Bar Matter No. 1161, Reforms in the BAR EXAMS REF.

Bar Examination, effective July 15, 2004
SECONDARY SOURCES
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

 GENERAL RULE: Volume (if more than one or work belonging to a

set), author (complete first name and surname), title of book (as it
appears on the title page), page, section or paragraph, edition and
date in parenthesis.
 Jr. or II designation: Should be included after a comma after the
surname but disregard titles such as “Dr.,” or “Professor and degrees
such as “Ph.D.” and “J.D”
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

 Formally printed works of general circulation are cited in large and small
caps, works not normally printed are cited in regular roman with the title
of the book underscored, always cite the number of the volume in
Arabic, where the edition of a work is known by the named of the
editor and the name of the translator are given after the page in
parenthesis, in citing an institutional author, name the body preparing
the work, and If government agency, always include “Phil.” first
EXAMPLE: MANUEL MORAN, COMMENTS ON THE RULES OF COURT 195 (6th
ed., 1963).
 If there are two authors, cite their name as indicated in the order found
in the title page, separated by an ampersand.
EXAMPLE: JOSE Y. FERNIA & MARIA CONCEPCION S. NOCHE, CIVIL
PROCEDURE ANNOTATED 158 (2001).
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

 If there are two or more authors, cite, use the first author’s name
followed by “ET AL.” or list all of the author’s names.
EXAMPLE: John L. Blaxter, ET AL. HOW TO RESEARCH, 129 (3rd edn.
1990).
 For bibliographical purposes: Include the first name of the author. (in
inverted form), the complete title, place of publication, published,
and date in parenthesis, and inclusive pages.
EXAMPLE: MACKINNON, CATHERINE A. WOMEN;S LIVES AND MEN’S
LAWS. Cambridge, Mass, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
(c2005). 558 p.
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

 For unofficial reports of cases: Cite by volume, abbreviated citation

of the Reports as indicated by publisher, page and year. Cite the
official citation first.
EXAMPLE: Lim vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, January 20,
1999, 301 SCRA 298 (1999).
 Some unofficial Philippine Reports:
Supreme Court Reports Annotated SCRA
Court of Appeals Annotated CARA
Supreme Court Decisions SCD
Philippine Law and Jurisprudence PHILAJUR
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

 For unofficial collection of statutes and other documents:

Cite by volume, title, page and year but cite the official citation.
EXAMPLE: III C.P.S. 586.
 Some unofficial Philippine Compilation of Laws
Public Laws Annotated PUB. L.A.
Philippine Annotated Laws P.A.L.
Vital Legal Documents V. L. D.
Collection of Essays or Articles

 If all essays or articles are by the same author:

 Name(first name and surname) and the title of the book are printed
in large and small capital and the title of the essay or articles in
italics. If essays are by various authors, their names are printed in
regular roman. For typewritten manuscripts, the preceding rule.
EXAMPLE: Joshua F. Millburn & Ryan Nicodemus, I Quit My Six-figure Job
to Pursue my Passion, Minimalism Essential Essays 77 (2011).
Periodical Articles

 GENERAL RULE: Materials published in periodicals which are paged

consecutively through a volume are cited by: The name of the author
in regular roman, title of the article in italics (underscored if typewritten),
volume, name of periodical in large and small capitals using the
standard abbreviation Initial page and year in parenthesis.
 If the part being quoted is found in the middle of the article always cite
the first page of the article and then the particular page where the
quoted part is located.
 For bibliographic purposes: The author’s surname followed by a comma
and the author’s initial name, the title of the article (italics), and the
inclusive pages of the periodical title in big and small capitals. (Rule
14.1)
EXAMPLE: Yukiko Ohara Stave, War Crimes Against Women: An Asian
Perspective, 2008 LAWASIA J. 114-133.
Periodical Articles

 Periodicals paginated only within each issue: Cited in regular roman

by date or period of issue
EXAMPLE: Nasser A. Marohomsalic, The Status and the Rights of Women
in Islam: A General Outline, BAR TRIBUNE 9-12 (June, 2012).
 If an article appears in 2 or more parts, indicate and give the first
page of each part (Rule 14.3)
EXAMPLE: Gonzalo W. Gonzalez, A Critical Survey of Legal Education in
the Philippines (pts. 1-2), PHIL. L.J. 102 (1947).
 Symposia : cited as one work, in regular roman unless made clear
using the title designated by the publishing periodical
EXAMPLE: Symposium on the Anti-Graft Legislation 35 PHIL. L. J. 1471
(1960).
Periodical Articles

 Notes and comments sections are cited by author, title of article,

notes or comments in parenthesis, volume, name of periodical,
page and year of publication.
EXAMPLE: Victor Africa, Liability of Estafa for Breach of Trusts Receipts
(Comment), 43 PHIL. L.J. 567 (1968)
 If article was written by a student author, insert “student author”
after the author’s full name in regular roman followed by a comma,
and title of the article in itals. If the name of the student is not listed,
begin the citation with “Student Author”.
EXAMPLE: Joseh Joemer C. Perez, Student Author, Reexamining and
Liberalizing The Class Suit Device, 79 PHIL. L. J> 667-708 (2004)
Periodical Articles

 Some of the Philippine legal periodicals and their abbreviations:

Ateneo Law Journal ATENEO L. J.
Centro Escolar University Law Journal CENTRO ESCOLAR U.L.J.
Commission on Audit Journal C.O.A.J
Judges Journal JUDGES J.
Labor Review LAB. REV.
Philippine Law Gazette PHIL. L. GAZ.
San Beda Law Journal SAN BEDA L.J.
University of the East Law Journal U.E.L.J
World Bulletin WORLD BULL.
NEWSPAPERS

 Materials appearing in newspapers are generally cited in the same

manner as those found in nonconsecutively paginated periodical in
Rule 14.3. If it is an “Editorial” or “Letter to the Editor” print in ordinary
regular roman type.
EXAMPLE: Unsigned Article: U.N Weighs in a Birth Control Debate,
MANILA TIMES, August 6, 2012, at A 1-2
 A signed article (but not a news report) is cited by complete
author’s name and title of article.
EXAMPLE: George Solomon, House Leaders To Ensure Quorum During
RH Vote, PHILIPPINE STAR, August 1, 2012, at 5.
ANNOTATIONS

 Discussions in case reports cited by volume number, title of case

report, page number of the beginning of the annotation, date of
publication of the volume. If the annotation is signed and has a
distinctive title, follow Rule 14.1 (rule on periodical article).
EXAMPLE:
Annot., 15 SCRA 242 (1967)
Dominick Lumelo, Annotation, Right to Take Deposition at a Former
Proceeding, 423 SCRA 132 (2006)
LETTERS, SPEECHES AND INTERVIEWS

 Letters
 Indicate whether it is a letter or memorandum, the name of the letter
writer, and his correspondent or recipient, title of letter writer if any and
the date the letter was written. Indicate where the said letter is on file
and if published, include citation to a printed work if available and
follow the rule on citing collection of essays or articles.
EXAMPLE: Letter of Jack Black to Black Jack, November 12, 1999 in LETTERS
OF JACK BLACK 82 (1993)
 Interview
 cite the person interviewed, his designation, if any, place of interview
and date.
EXAMPLE: Interview with Johnny Kasalanan, Chief of the Polygraph
Division, National Bureau of Investigation, Manila, February 2, 1987.
LETTERS, SPEECHES AND INTERVIEWS

 Speeches
 With no title, cite the speaker, occasion, place and date and if
found in a printed work, include the citation to it.
 With title, follow Rule 14.1 (rule on periodical article)
EXAMPLES: Address by Justice Cesar Bengzon, 7th Anniversary
Celebration of the Bulacan Bar Association Manila. November 8, 1952,
2 ATENEO L.J. 307-314 (1953)
Josue N. Bellosillo, Challenges for the Judiciary in the 21st Century(8th
National Convention Seminar of the Philippine Women Judges
Association, Manila Hotel, March 12, 1999), 4 CT. SYSTEMS J. 1 (June
1999)
ENCYCLOPEDIAS

 Cite as: volume number in Arabic, the tile of the encyclopedia as

abbreviated in the form stated by the publisher(in caps and small
caps) the topic(in italics or underscored), the section number or
page number and the date of publication in parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: 86 C.J.S. Telecommunications, § 264 (1997)
LOOSELEAF SERVICES

 Cite as: volume number (if any) and name of services in

abbreviated form, including publisher (when necessary), the page
number or the subdivision recommended, by the publisher. If citing
text material original in the service, use the date of insertions in the
service.
EXAMPLE: Diosmio L. Paras, Criminal Procedure, 2 BENCH BOOK FOR
PHILIPPINE TRIAL COURTS(REVISED AND EXPANDED), J-1-J-99 (Supreme
Court, 2011)
CD ROMS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC
STORAGE MEDIA
 Information found in CD-ROM or other medium of electronic
distribution (flash drive, etc.) is usually-available in print form, and
citation to the print form is preferred. However, if the information is
accessed only by electronic storage medium, it should be cited to
that medium.
EXAMPLE: U.P WOMEN LAWYER’S CORCLE, INC., UNIVERSITY OF THE
PHILIPPINES, COLLEGE OF LAW: 100 YEARS OF EXCELLENCE, 2012 (CD)
 When citing CD-ROM or other similar media, include the title of the
material, the publisher of the CD-ROM, the version searched, and
the date of the material, if available, or the date of the version
searched. The information may be provided in a source-date
parenthetical or, if the information is voluminous, as related authority
EXAMPLE: THEODORE TE, LEGAL FORMS (CD ASIA, CD ROM) Sept. 2002
BOOK REVIEWS

 Cite as: name of the reviewer, book review, volume number, title of
periodical (in abbreviated form) page number and year of
publication in parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: Rhaymund G. Bean, Book Review, 45 PHIL. L.J. 777 (2001).
(reviewing Joshua U. Gratela, A Dictionary of International Law and
Diplomacy (2001)
INTERNET SOURCES

 The bluebook requires the use and citation of traditional printed sources
when available, unless there is a digital copy of the source available
that is authenticated official, or an exact copy of the printed source.
 When authenticated official or exact copy of a source is available
online, citation can be made as if to the original print source (without
any URL information appended). But if the cited information is available
in print but such copies are practically unavailable, citation should be
made as if to the printed source, but indicating the online citation of
the copy used by appending the URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
directly at the end of the citation
 But even if a printed source is available, a parallel citation to an
electronic source in related authority may be appropriate where it
would substantially improve access to relevant information. In this case,
citation should be made first to the printed source and the separately
to the electronic source introduced with the explanatory phrase
“available at”
INTERNET SOURCES

 As Internet source may be called directly when it does not exist in a traditional
format or when a traditional printed sources, such as a letter or unpublished
dissertation exist but cannot be found or is so obscure that it its practically
unavailable. All efforts should be made to cite to the most stable electronic
available. The Internet citation should include information designed to facilitate
the clearest path of access to the citation reference including the title,
pagination, and publication as they appear in the webpage. The Internet URL
should be separated by a comma, and appended to the end of the citation
(That is not preceded by :available at” or “at”).
 (A) Author
 When available, provide name of author in ordinary roman type. When there is
no author, omit the author’s name unless there is a clear institutional owner of
the domain
EXAMPLE: Philippine Stock Exchange, Inc. Stock Information: Holim Philippines, Inc.
(HCLM). (January 29, 2005, 10:04am), http://www.pse.org.ph.
INTERNET SOURCES

 (B) Title
 Title (in italics) should be used to indicate the location of the page
being viewed in relation to the rest of the site. Capitalization should
conform to the title as it appears on the website.
EXAMPLE: Poll Finds Worldwide Agreement That Climate Change is A
Threat,
http://worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/home_page/329.php.
INTERNET SOURCES

 (C) Date and Time

 The date should be provided as it appears on the Internet site. Use
only dates that refer clearly to the material cited. The date should
be specified after the main page title and any pinpoint citation. I f
there is no date indicated with the subject matter of the citation,
“last updated” or last modified” should be supplied (dates in
parenthesis). Blogs and other dynamic sites that are updated
frequently should include a time-stamp whenever possible
EXAMPLES: Michael Bibo, Kyoto co2 project scheme seen swayed by
politics, Reuters, 3 July 2007, http://www.ewuters/articles idUSL1434124
Dorothy U. Wowa, Cloning Humas: Is it Ethical?, July 7, 2001,
http:///www.geneletter.com/archieves/cloning2.html (last visited 5
May 2002)
INTERNET SOURCES

 (D) The URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

 A site’s Internet address or URL, should point readers directly to the source cited
rather than an intervening page of links. If the URL is straight forward, the cite the
URL as it appears in the address bar of the browser
EXAMPLE: Looklaw, http://www.looklaw.com. (last visited 23 December 2002)
 (E) Parallel citations to Internet Sources
 Even when a source is available in a printed medium, a parallel citation to an
Internet source with identical content maybe provided if it will substantially
improve access to the source cited. The parallel citation should be introduced
with the explanatory phrase “available at”
EXAMPLE: Janet S. Kalimo, Report on the Pro Bono Activities of the New York State
Bar 12(Albany, N.Y.: New York Stae United Court System, 1999), available at
http://www.courtsate.nyu/probono/pbrpt.htm.
INTERNET SOURCES

 In General
 The full citation format of the World Wide Web are as follows:
 Cite as: Author or Owner’s name, Title, pinpoint reference (such as
section or paragraph number, if any), The URL, (access or update
information), exact date.
EXAMPLE: Francis Galang and Lebron James, Fear as a Bargaining
Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural Lebanon Policy
Research Working Paper 2345, http://qbln124,
worldbank.org/research/workpapers.Nsf/policyresearch?openforum
(2005)
INTERNET SOURCES

 Constitution, Statutes and Administrative Rules

 Cite as the rule in constitution, session laws, and administrative rules
and regulations. In addition, when citing a code contained in an
electronic database, indicate in parenthesis the name of the
website and information itself (rather than the year of the Code).
Also cite the name of the publisher, editor or compiler unless the
Code is issued officially by the government in which case, it should
be cited first.
EXAMPLE: CONST. art. VII, sec. 20 (Arellano Univ., Lawphil, April 2003)
INTERNET SOURCES

 Cases
 For cases available at the Supreme Court official website, provide
the case name, docket number, date of promulgation followed by
“available at https://www.s.c.judiciary.gov.ph.” However, decisions
published in electronic form but unreported in print form should be
cited as follows: Surname of parties [Court Identifier] G.R. docket
number and date of promulgation (Unreported, ponente). Uniform
resource locator at date filed or retrieved [paragraph pinpoint
page numbers if the database assigns them.]
EXAMPLE: People v. Aguirre [Supreme Court] G.R. No. 13413, May 4,
1996 (unreported, Quisumbing, J., available at
www.sc.judiciary.gov.ph, November 19, 1997 (1-12)
INTERNET SOURCES

 For cases available in commercial electronic databases such as CD

Asia, LEXIS, and WESTLAW: provide case name, docket number,
database identifier, court name, and full date of the most recent
disposition of the case. Screen or page numbers, if assigned, should
be preceded by an asterisk; paragraph numbers, if assigned, should
be preceded by a paragraph symbol.
EXAMPLE: Albanian Associated Fund v. Wayne Co., No. 06-CV-134
(PGS, 2008 U.S Dist., LEXIS 2345 (D.N.J., Oct. 2, 2009)
INTERNET SOURCES

 Books and Periodical Articles

 Cite as: indicate the author, title, pagination if any, and the
publication data of the original printed source should be used to be
followed by “available at” and the internet citation.
EXAMPLE: CYNTHIA JUMPSTREET, LAW SCHOOL, PRO BONO PROGRAMS,
FACT SHEET (WASHINGTON D.C.: ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN LAW
SCHOOLS, 2005), available at
http://www.abanet.org/legal/services/probono/lawschool.
INTERNET SOURCES

 Periodical Articles
 For journal articles that are available in two forms, electronic and
paper, it is cited as follows: author(s), title of the article, volume,
Journal title (in caps and small caps), article reference or pagination
(year), available at uniform resource locator (paragraph pinpoint).
Accessed exact date. Note that the article reference is use in
addition to the article title.
EXAMPLE: Larry Nancy, Aboriginal Rights and Interpretative
Responsibility, 4 E. LAW 7 (1998), available at
http://www.Murdock.edu.all/claw [15-18] Accessed January 7, 2003
INTERNET SOURCES

 Where an article is published on the web but is not part of a journal,

it should be cited as follows: author(s), title of article, homepage
title, relevant organization, article reference (year), URL (paragraph
pinpoint)(Copy on file with author)
EXAMPLE: Vince Carter, Guidelines for Better Writing, available at
http://usa.net/-vinced/home/betterwriting.html January 2m 1998 (1-5)
Copy on file with author.
FOREIGN SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES
COURT DECISIONS

 A. Case Names
 GENERAL RULE: Follow the rule in case names in primary sources or cite
cases as they may appear at the beginning of the opinion in the official
report. When in doubt as to how foreign names should be cited, the
running title appearing on the top of the page in the official report may
be followed. If 2 or more actions are consolidated in one decision, cite
only the first listed. In extremely long cases names, the running head at
the top of each page of the case may serve as a guide.
EXAMPLE: Jones v. Maxwell,123 U.S 344 (1988)
 EXCEPTION: (1) Cite administrative action by the reported name full of
the first listed private party or by the official subject matter title if no
party is named.
EXAMPLE: Alabama Intrastate Fares, 2S-I.C.C. 123 (1944)
COURT DECISIONS

 (2)For Islamic and Chinese names

 (3) if no name or party is given in the report, use “Judgment of”, and
the exact date (month, day, and year) after the seat of the court.
Give the name and set of court in the original language in all cases.
If the name is not in English, German or a Roman language and
there is a useful translation, give it parenthetically together with the
name of the country
EXAMPLE: Judgment of February 14, 1951, Fr. Cour de Cassation
 (4) If the sovereign is a party, use the appellation found in the first
cited report, where “R”, “Rex,” “Regina.” “The King,” or “The
Queen.”
EXAMPLE: The King v. Casement,1. K.B. 78 (1915)
COURT DECISIONS

 (5) For American citations, omit the name of a state and “of” following
“State,” “Commonwealth,” or “People” when citing decisions of the
court of that State. In Federal and U.S. cases, the rule is just the opposite
wherein the name of the state is retained but “People of,” “State of,” or
“Commonwealth of” are omitted.
EXAMPLE: State v. Brown not State of Florida v. Brown
 (6) For names of corporations, business firms, etc., follow the same rule
in the Philippines. For labor unions, cite the first words which indicates a
craft or industry of the union membership and all preceding words, are
retained except that “Local Union No. 974” is written “Local 974.” All
following words are omitted except one form such as “Union,” “Dept.,”
“Workers Ass’n.,” or “League” when needed to complete the names
EXAMPLE: Local 32 Teamsters Union v, Martin, 123 U.S. 123 (1977). not Local
Union No. 32, Teamsters, Chauffers and Helpters Union, etc. v. Martin.
COURT DECISIONS

 (7) Always cite an official name in lieu of a popular name, but the
latter may be given parenthetically at the end of the citation.
EXAMPLE: National Labor Relations Board ( N.L.R.C.) v. Brown
 (8) Numbers 1-10 in titles of cases are spelled out. Figures are used
for numbers 11 onwards. Street numbers are indicated in figures
EXAMPLE: One 1938 Plymouth Sedan v. Pennsylvania
 (9) Always retain the beginning word “The” when the title refers to
the name of a vessel/ship or in order to be sure that the name is not
mistaken for a personal name
EXAMPLE: The Mjolnir, L.R. 2 A. & E. 123 (1999)
COURT DECISIONS

 (10) For cases beginning with procedural terms, see the rule on
procedural terms. “On Relation of,” “ For the Use of,” “On behalf of”
and similar expressions are always abbreviated to “ex rel.”
 EXAMPLE: People ex rel. Wallace v. Labrenz
 (11) Abbreviate “in the matter of”, “petition of” and similar
expressions to “In re”
EXAMPLE: In re Baker not In the Matter of J. Baker
COURT DECISIONS

 B. Case Reports
 (1) Publications which print only cases are considered reports and are
cited in roman type. Publications which contain other textual materials,
such as articles or news notes, are not cited as reports but as periodicals
in large and small capitals.
EXAMPLES: Am. St. Rep
U.S.L.W
 (2) A case should be cited by the official report before the unofficial
reports with the date the decision was promulgated in the parenthesis.
 For U.S. Supreme Court cases, cite in the following order of preference:
U.S. Reports (U.S.); Supreme Court Reporter (S.Ct.); U.S. US. Supreme
Court Reports; Lawyer’s Edition (L.Ed.); United States Law Week
(U.S.L.W.).
COURT DECISIONS

 If a case is not printed in official or unofficial reports, cite to a service,

periodical or newspaper (in that order of preference)
EXAMPLES: Engel v. Vitale, 330 U.S. 421, 82 S.Ct. 1261, 7 L.Ed.
2d 601, 86 A.L.R. 2d 1285 (1962).
Power v. Dewey, 123 N.C. 103, 65 Am. St. Rep. 818 (1888).
 (3) Whenever a report has been renumbered in conformity with the
official named series,
Cite the official report and indicate the original volume and the name of
the reporter in parenthesis. However, it is not necessary to cite the named
reporters (Dalias or Cranch) because the U.S. Reports now subsumes
these reporters.
EXAMPLE: Mabury v. Madision, 5 U.S. (I Cranch) 127, 2L.Ed. 60(1842)
COURT DECISIONS

 (4) If a report uses bracketed date as part of the volume

designation, place it before the title of the case report. When the
case report does not indicate the jurisdiction, the country (in
abbreviated form) must be cited parenthetically.
EXAMPLES: [1936] S.C.R. 403.
[1949] Dalloz Jurisprudence 108.
 (5) For English reports, if it does not clearly indicate the court
deciding the case, the name of the court should be cited in
parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: I I. & H. 40, 70 Eng. Rep. 653 (Ch. 1860)
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 C. Constitution
Follow the same rule as local, but indicate the country or state in
abbreviated form.
EXAMPLE: U.S. CONST. amend. XX, sec. 3.
SPAN. CONST. art. 21.
 D. Statutes
GENERAL RULE: Always identify the country when citing statutes and give
the official name stated in the statute if any; otherwise give the popular
name. If both names are significant, the second name may be given in
the parenthesis. The official compilation from where the text of the law
may also be indicated.
EXAMPLE: U.S. Civil Service Act (O’Mahoney-Ramspeck Act) 52 Stat. 1976
(1938).
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 EXCEPTIONS:
 (a) If the statute does not give the official name but indicates the
date it was promulgated, cite the date of the promulgation and
when available, give citation to collections where the text of law
could be located.
EXAMPLE: Ital. Law of March 20, 1865.
 (b) Statutes from Commonwealth countries are cited to the official
codifications or consolidations with the year of effectivity in
parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: National Service Act, 11 & 12 George 6, c. 64 (1947).
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 E. Codes
 (a) Follow the same rule as local and indicate the name of the
country in abbreviated form before the citation of code. Always
cite an official source if available; if unavailable, the official edition
may be cited parenthetically.
EXAMPLES: BEL. C. PEN., art 346.
Ger. Burgerliches Gesetzbuch, sec. 324 (1oth ed., Palandt, 1952)
 (b) If the title of the code is not in English , German or a Roman
language, cite the title as translated
STATUTORY MATERIALS

 F. Treaties and International Conventions

 Follow the same rule as local and always cite to an official source,
if available, with a parallel citation to the League of Nations, Treaty
Series, or United Nations Treaty Series, or any compilation of
treaties.
The following is a list of some treaty collections:
Great Britain Treaty Series Gt. Brit. T.S.
European Treaty Series E.T.S.
De Clercq, Recueil des traits de la France De Clercq.
League of Nations Treaty Series L.N.T.S.
Unoted Nations Treaty Series U.N.T.S.
SECONDARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES

 GENERAL RULE: Follow Rule 12 or Consult The Bluebook; A uniform

System of Citation or The Blue Book (19th ed., 2011) for more details.
 (a) When The periodical or pamphlets is not in English or French or
when the country of origin is not obvious from the citation itself,
indicate the country of publication.
EXAMPLES: PRZEGLAD USTAWODAWSTWA GOSPODARCZEGO (Pol.).
REVISTA DE CIENJAS JURIDICAS (Costa Rica).
SECONDARY SOURCES

 (b) When the publication lacks a personal author, treat the issuing
agency, private institution as author in the same manner as any
other work. However, if the material is published by a government
agency always include the jurisdiction or country before the name
of the agency,
EXAMPLE: NATIONAL RETAIL MERCHANTS ASSOCIATION, STUDY OF
CONSUMER COST IN DEPARTMENT STORES 3 (1963).
UNITED NATIONS AND
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
SOURCES
UNITED NATIONS

 (1) Symbols of the United Nations documents are made up of

juxtaposed elements that identify the authority under which they
are issued. These elements which are separated by oblique strokes
are composed of capital letters and figures, usually indicate the
number of session or the number of subsidiary organ (e.g.,-) WG.II.
Documents of two or more organs may carry two or more symbols, one for
each organ. If a document is reissued in the printed Official Records or as a
series publication, it retains symbols and a sales code. Each language
version of a mimeographed document carries the same symbol and date.
UNITED NATIONS

 (a) The leading elements of the U.N. documentation system illustrate

the series elements of the five principal United Nations organs and the
special series of the five principal United Nations organs and the special
series symbols established for certain bodies. The following is a listing of
some of these primary elements:

Name of Body Symbol

General Assembly A/
Economic and Social Council E/
Security Council S/
International Court of Justice ICJ
Trusteeship Council T/
Secretariat ST/
UNITED NATIONS

 (b) The secondary elements of the U.N. documentation system

consist of the acronym of the subsidiary organ of the parent body or
one or more of the following elements:

Name of Body Symbol

Ad hoc committee or similar body -/AC. . . ./-
Standing, permanent, or main committee -/C. /-
Commission /CN . . . /
Governing Council -/GC/-
Preparatory Committee -/PC…/-
Sub-committee -SC. . ./-
UNITED NATIONS

 (c) The other elements may denote the nature of the document
and the modifications of the text such as:

Name of Body Symbol

Addendum -/Add…
Amendment -/Amend…
Conference Room Paper -/CRP. …
Corrigendum -/Corr. . .
Information series -/INF/-
Minutes -/MIN.
UNITED NATIONS

 (2) GENERAL RULE: U.N. documents are normally cited by the

document or code number. Treaties, surveys and other works follow
the form of government as found in Rule 26.1 (Secondary Materials.
Gen. Rule b)
EXAMPLE: Report of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic
Rights and Duties of States, U.N. Doc. TD/B/AS. 12/4 (1974).
 EXCEPTIONS: For U.N. Official Records, cite the session number,
plenary or committee meeting, supplements or annexes, and the
U.N. Document number in parenthesis and the date of the
document parenthetically.
EXAMPLE: U.N. GEN. ASS. OFF. REC. 20TH Sess., Plenary 6 (A/PV.1108)
(1965).
UNITED NATIONS

 (3) UN Publications for Sale

For U.N. publications of general or broad interest; which are offered
for sale, they are given a unique identifier composed of a letter
(indicates the language of the publication; Arabic numerals
(Indicates the year of publication; Roman numerals (the subject of the
publication or, the issuing body in some instances); and the final
component, an Arabic numeral (a sequential number with no special
meaning)
EXAMPLE: E. 95.XIII.12 = World urbanization prospects, the 1994 revision
(i.e. an English language title published in 1995 relating to
demography)
UNITED NATIONS

 Sales Publication Categories

Broad subject categories or issuing bodies are indicated by the following
roman numerals:
0 Geneva Publications
I General Information and Reference
II.A. Business, Economics and Science Technology
II.B. Economic Development
II.C World Economy
II.D Trade, Finance and Commerce
II.E Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
II.F Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific
UNITED NATIONS

 II.G Economic Commission for Latin American and the

 Caribbean
 II.H Public Administration
 II.K Economic Commission for Africa
 II.L Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
 III.A United Nations University (UNU)
 III.B United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 III.C International Research Training Institute for the
 Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)
III.D United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
 III.E United Nations Industrial Development Organization
 III.H United Nations Population Fund
UNITED NATIONS

 (4) League of Nations

Cite the different assemblies of the League of Nations to its Official
Journal.
EXAMPLE: LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 13th Ass. 42 (1932)
 (5) International Court of Justice (THE WORLD COURT)
 (a) Publications of the International Court of Justice are cited by
indicating the year of the report in brackets after the name of the
case, abbreviated form of the report and the page.
EXAMPLE: Minqueries and Ecrehos Case, [1953] I.C.J. REP. 47.
UNITED NATIONS

 (b) Documents collateral to judgments which are published

separately are cited by indicating the volume number, if any, the
title of the case, page number and the court with the date of
presentation in parenthesis.
EXAMPLE: 7 BARCELONA TRACTION, LIGHT AND POWER CASE-
PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS AND DOCUMENTS
477 (I.C.J. 1968).
 (c) Annual Reports of the International Court of Justice are
published in the yearbooks and are cited with year enclosed in
brackets before the publication and page number.
EXAMPLE: [1973-1974] I.C.J.Y..B. 61.
UNITED NATIONS

 (6) Permanent Court of International Justice

Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice are cited by
the series and the number with year enclosed in parenthesis. Indicate
whether pleadings or advisory opinion whenever pertinent to discussion in
the text
EXAMPLE: German Settlers in Poland, P.C.I.J., ser. B, no.6 (1923).
 (7) International Arbitrations
Cite the name of the case, the international parties in parenthesis, the
official source of the arbitral award and the year of arbitration
parenthetically, If the tribunal that decided the award is the Permanent
Court of Arbitration, indicate it at the end of the citation together with the
year enclosed in parenthesis. Parallel citations may be given but do not
give more than three citations.
EXAMPLE: J. SCOTT, HAGUE COURT REPORTS 84 (Perm Ct. Arb. 1928).
UNITED NATIONS

 (8) Other International Courts

For decisions of other international tribunals, follow Rule 30
(9) Other International Bodies
 (a) Constituent acts of international organizations are cited by reference to the
article, section and paragraph. Citation to the League of Nations Treaty Series
or the United Nations Treaty Series may be given.
EXAMPLE: O.A.S. CHARTER, art.9.
 (b) For publications of other international organizations, follow the rule on
government publications, Rule 26.1 (b) (Secondary Materials Gen. Rule b) with
an indication of the document number, if any, at the end of the citation.
EXAMPLE: COUNCIL OF EUROPE, PROCEDURE AND JURISPRUDENCE OF THE
EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN RESPECT OF INDIVIDUAL
APPLICATIONS, 31 (H[57]1) (1957).
UNITED NATIONS

 The following is a list of some international organizations/bodies together with

their abbreviations or acronyms:

Name of Organization/Body Cite As

Asian Development Bank ADB
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC
Association of South Ease Asian Nations ASEAN
Canadian International Development Agency CIDA
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CMEA
Common Register of Development Activities CORE
Economic Coal Organization ECO
European Investment Bank EIB
Global Atmospheric Research Programme GARP
UNITED NATIONS

International Tribunal for Law of the Sea ITLOS

International Council of Scientific Unions ICSU
Inter-American Development Bank IDB
International Chamber of Commerce ICC
International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO
Integrated Global Ocean Station System IGOSS
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC
REPEATING CITATIONS
REPEATING CITATIONS

 A full citation is always used the first time a source is cited in the
paper. After that, a short citation is used only after the source has
been cited once in a full citation format.
“Supra” and “Hereinafter.” (above)

 May be used to refer to legislative hearings court filing, books,

pamphlets, reports, unpublished materials, nonprint resources,
periodicals, services; treaties and international agreements, regulars,
directives and decisions of intergovernmental organizations and
internal cross-references.
 Use the word “supra” to identify a case or publication previously
cited on the same or preceding page. It is not used if more than
one page intervenes between the citation. It should not be used to
refer to cases, statutes or constitutions, legislative materials (other
than hearings), restatements, model codes or regulations except in
extraordinary circumstances, such as when the name of the
authority is extremely long. It is always italicized. (Underline, in case
of typewritten work).
“Supra” and “Hereinafter.” (above)

 When an authority has been fully cited previously, the “supra” form
may be used unless id. is appropriate or form generally consists of
the last name of the author of the work, followed by a comma and
the word “supra”. Indicate in any particular manner in which the
subsequent citation from the former.
EXAMPLE: SUSAN M. OKIN, JUSTICE, GENDER AND THE FAMILY, 115
(1989)
 If the case or other publication has been previously cited on the
same footnote, a dictum or another reference may be indicated.
EXAMPLE: N. GONZALES, PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 127 (1965)
“Supra” and “Hereinafter.” (above)

 Use “supra” where reference to a complete footnote is made.

However, it should not be used when the full citation is too far
removed from the shortened citation. In which case, the full citation
should be repeated.
 EXAMPLE: see note 15, supra
 Use “hereinafter” only when the chief source has no author and the
author and the title is too long; or when the full citation appears in a
footnote that contains two authorities by the same author.
EXAMPLE: ECPAT, Historical Handbook of the Commercial Sexual
Exploitation of Children in the Philippines, 10 (1984). (Hereinafter
referred to as ECPAT)
“Supra” and “Hereinafter.” (above)

 The supra citation format cannot be used for all sources, supra most
typically is used for sources cited by author’s name such as books,
law review articles, and websites. Do not use supra as a short
citation for the following sources : cases, statutes, session laws,
ordinances and legislative materials (other than hearings),
constitutions and administrative regulations.
“Infra” (below)

 Seldom used for citation cross-references because it is considered

best to put the full citation first. However, when it is used for this
purpose, the rules are the same as those indicated for “supra” cross-
references.
“Id.” abbreviation for idem which
means “the same”
 If the preceding footnote contains multiple sources do not use id. Id. Is
used in legal citations, the same way ibid is used in nonlegal citations.
 It is used in citation sentences and clauses for any kind of authority. In
briefs, legal memoranda and similar materials, use id. when citing to the
immediately preceding authority but only when the immediately
preceding citation contains only one authority. In periodical footnotes,
use “id,” when citing to the immediately preceding authority within the
same footnote or within the immediately preceding footnote when the
preceding footnote contains only one authority. If the first citation is to
only party of an authority, do not use ‘Id.’ for a subsequent citation to
the entire authority. If the successive citation is to a different page of
the same case or publication, use Id. and indicate page. It is also
italicized and not to be used to cite primary sources.
EXAMPLE: In Gan v. Yap (104 Phil. 343) the Supreme Court ruled that “The
execution
“Id.” abbreviation for idem which
means “the same”
 EXAMPLE: In Gan v. Yap (104 Phil. 343) the Supreme Court ruled that
“The execution and the contents of a lost holographic will may not
be approved by the bare testimony of the witnesses who have seen
and/or read the will.” The will must be presented; otherwise, it shall
produce no effect. The Court ruled that the issue of authenticity
must be decided on the face of the document whereby the Court
can use its visual sense to determine whether it was written by the
decedent(Id.)
CONSTITUTIONS, STATUTES,
ORDINANCES AND CASES
 Repeat the original citation if appropriate, use Id. To indicate the
exact article, section, etc.
EXAMPLE: 1Cont. Art. VII, sec 5.
 If a source is cited several times, use the complete citation of the
source once and thereafter, abbreviate the citation either to the
first words of the title of the publication or to the commonly used
designation. Such abbreviation must be enclosed in brackets in the
first Citation and must be used consistently thereafter.
EXAMPLE: INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE, SHARING IN DEVELOPMENT;
A PROGRAMME OF EMPLYMENT, EQUITY AND GROWTH FOR THE
PHILIPPINES 304 [1974] [hereinafter referred as the RANIS REPORT]
 Signal are used to indicate supporting, contrary and other positions
relating to the propositions of law or fact. It indicates the distinctions
and gradations of authorities and arguments.
EXAMPLES: Accord, Manila Trading Co. v. Reyes, 35 Phil. 142 (1992)
Contra. Seinztick’s Estate v. Commissioner, 15 T.T 134 (1999)
See 3 L. LOSS, SECURITIES REGULATION SEC. 87 (2d ed., 1953)
But see Lim v. Registrar of Deeds, 13 Phil. 135 (1988)
e.g. CAL PEN CODE sec. 356 (10)
 The following is a list of standardized signals used frequently and
their explanation:
Signal Explanation
“Accord” (in italics) Indicates substantial support of a
proposition although there are
differences in facts.
“Contra” (in italics) Indicates a holding which
contradicts or opposes the
proposition
Signal Explanation
“cf.” (in italics) Indicates a case which is parallel
to or supports the proposition but
contains substantially different
facts.
But cf. Cited authority supports a
proposition analogous to the
contrary of the main proposition.
“See” (in italics) Cited authority clearly supports
the proposition.
“See” (in Roman type) Introduces secondary authority
which supports the proposition
Signal Explanation
“But see” (in italics) Indicates a dictum which
opposes or contradicts the
proposition.
“But see” (in Roman type) Indicates secondary authority
which contradicts the
proposition
See also Cited authority constitutes
additional source material
that supports the proposition
“E.g.” (in italics) Indicates support of a
proposition by numerous holdings
but illustrated by a selective
citation of one or a few cases
preceded by “E.g.”