COMMUNICATION

VIA
OPTICAL FIBER
PRESENTED TO: Dr (Mrs.) S. M. Giripunje,
Assistant Professor
Department of physics,
Vnit nagpur
PRESENTED BY: Suhaila c t
Msc physics (2017-2019)
MS17PHY020,
Roll no: 20,
Vnit nagpur
.
COMMUNICATION…………
 process of exchanging information
 transmission of information from one point to
another through a succession of process
 Examples : telephony and line telegraphy, radio
telephony and radio telegraphy, radio broadcasting,
point-to-point communication and mobile
communication, computer communication, radar
communication, television broadcasting, radio
telemetry, radio aids to navigation, radio aids to
aircraft landing etc.
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM- assembling different
communication equipments forms communication
system (electronic equipments)
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• INFORMATION SOURCE- origin of information,
function of information source is to produce required message which has to
be transmitted.
• INPUT TRANSDUCER, A transducer is a device which converts one form of
energy into another form.

Message in non Message in

TRANSDUCER electrical signal
electrical signal
(time-varying )

Example :in case of radio-broadcasting, a microphone converts

the information or message which is in the form of sound
waves into corresponding electrical signal.
 Transmitter
• The function of the transmitter is to process the
electrical signal from different aspects.
• Modulation is done through transmitter. In
modulation, the message signal is superimposed upon
the high-frequency carrier signal.
• In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal
processing's such as restriction of range of audio
frequencies, amplification and modulation of signal are
achieved. or example in radio broadcasting the
electrical signal obtained from sound signal, is
processed to restrict its range of audio frequencies (upto
5 kHz in amplitude modulation radio broadcast ) and is
often amplified.
THE CHANNEL AND THE NOISE
• channel means the medium through which the message travels
from the transmitter to the receiver.
• In other words, we can say that the function of the channel is to
provide a physical connection between the transmitter and the
receiver.
• During the process of transmission and reception the signal gets
distorted due to noise introduced in the system.
• Noise is an unwanted signal which tend to interfere with the
required signal.
• Noise signal is always random in character. Noise may interfere
with signal at any point in a communication system. However,
the noise has its greatest effect on the signal in the channel.
 RECEIVER
• function of the receiver is to reproduce the
message signal in electrical form from the
distorted received signal.
• reproduction of the original signal is
accomplished by a process known as the
demodulation or detection.
• Demodulation is the reverse process of
modulation carried out in transmitter.
 DESTINATION

• Destination is the final stage which is used

to convert an electrical message signal into
its original form
• For example in radio broadcasting, the
destination is a loudspeaker which works as
a transducer i.e. converts the electrical
signal in the form of original sound signal.
 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
• provides the connection between the
transmitter and the receiver
• Two types of channels
point to point(wire line ) and broadcast
channels(wire less)
 POINT-TO-POINT CHANNELS
• connection between two nodes or endpoints
• example of point-to-point channels are wire lines,
twisted cable and optical fibers.
• Wire line channels (coaxial cable)
• the telephone network makes extensive use of
wire lines for voice signal transmission, as well as
data and video transmission.
• Fiber Optic Channels. Optical fibers offer the
communications system designer a channel
bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude
larger than coaxial cable channels
BROADCASTING CHANNELS
• wireless electromagnetic channels. in radio
communication systems, electromagnetic
energy is coupled to the propagation
medium by an antenna which serves as the
radiator.
• satellite communications
• other channels –underwater acoustic
channels, storage channels like magnetic
tapes, magnetic disks etc
• Optical communication is any type of
communication in which light is used to
carry the signal to the remote end, instead
of electrical current.
• Channel- optical fiber
• Building blocks- A modulator/demodulator,
a transmitter/receiver, a light signal and a
transparent channel
• Transmitter: Converts and transmits an
electronic signal into a light signal. The
most commonly used transmitters are
semiconductor devices, such as light-
emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes.

• Receivers: Typically consist of a photo-

detector, which converts light into
electricity using the photoelectric effect.
The photo detector is typically a
semiconductor-based photodiode.

• Optical Fiber: Consists of a core,

cladding and a buffer through which the
OPTICAL FIBRE AS
COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL
 Why optical fiber?
1) Bandwidth –(Range of frequency over which it works)

o A time were there copper wires used as

communication channels
o Copper communication works by sending electrical
pulses through a copper wire.
o The copper phone wire has very limited bandwidth.
o It was designed to provide 3,000 Hz bandwidth.
o Fiber provides more bandwidth than copper and has
standardized performance up to 10 Gbps and beyond,
something that it is impossible to achieve when using
copper.
o More bandwidth means that fiber can carry more
information with far greater efficiency than copper
wire.
 2) Range of transmission
Since data travels in the form of light (in total
internal reflections, the loss of quality is negligible) in
fiber-optic cables, very little signal loss occurs during
transmission and data can move at higher speeds and
greater distances.
3) Not susceptible to interference
• Fiber-optic cable is also much less susceptible
to noise and electromagnetic interference than
copper wire.
• For example, over a distance of two
kilometers, copper wire would experience a
great deal of degradation in quality, while
there would be virtually none over the same
distance using fiber-optic cable.
• It is so efficient, in fact, that roughly 99.7% of
the signal reaches the router in most cases.
 4)Size, weight & strength

• much thinner and lighter than copper cable

• It can be used more efficiently in confined
underground pipes,
• much stronger, with eight times the pulling
tension of copper wire.
• it has strength members and stiffeners that
make it much harder to damage or kink.
 Cost
• Although the material for fiber is much more
expensive than its copper counterpart, in the
long run, the working cost is much less.
• Typically, it has less of a maintenance cost
and requires less networking hardware.
 Durability
• Fiber-optic cable is completely immune to many
environmental factors that affect copper cable.
• The core is made of glass, which is an insulator, so
no electric current can flow through.
• You can run fiber cable next to industrial
equipment without any worries.
• Fiber is also less susceptible to temperature
fluctuations than copper
• can be submerged in water.
 STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBER
• When stripping optical fiber cable of its layers,
following components can be observed:
• Outer jacket;
• Optional protection from physical damage;
• Strength members;
• Buffer;
• Optical fiber strand.
 3 main components
• Core;
• Cladding;
• Coating.
 Core and cladding
• The core is a cylindrical structure, and the cladding is
a cylinder without a core.
• Core and cladding have different refractive indices,
with the core having a refractive index, n1, which is
slightly higher than that of the cladding, n2. It is this
difference in refractive indices that enables the fiber to
guide the light
• Made up of glass or plastic
• data pass through a core.
• runs along the fiber's length.
• characterized by its diameter or cross-sectional area.
In most cases the core's cross-section should be
circular
• Based on the core diameter- two divisions
Single mode fibers and multi mode fibers
Single mode fibers
•single stand (most applications use 2
fibers) of glass fiber with a diameter of
8.3 to 10 microns
•has one mode of transmission
• propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm.
•Carries higher bandwidth than
multimode fiber
• requires a light source with a narrow
spectral width
•Also known as mono-mode optical fiber,
single-mode optical waveguide, uni -
mode fiber.
•Single mode fiber has a much smaller
core, only about 9 microns, so that the
light travels in only one ray (mode.)
• It is used for telephony and CATV with
laser sources at 1310 and 1550 nm
because it has lower loss and virtually
infinite bandwidth.
Multi mode fibers
•Multimode fiber has light traveling in
the core in many rays, called modes
•It has a larger core almost always 50
or 62.5 microns) which supports the
transmission of multiple modes (rays) of
light.
•generally used with LED sources at
wavelengths of 850 and 1300 nm
for slower local area networks (LANs)
and lasers at 850 (VCSELs) and 1310
nm (Fabry-Perot lasers) for networks
running at gigabits per second or more.
•
CLADDING
The outer layer of a fiber is called cladding
• also made of glass or plastic.
• less dense.
• Cladding is used in optical fiber for prevent any refraction
while passing data.
• The function of cladding is to occur full internal reflection
in optical fiber. That is why a cladding’s density is lower
then core.
• The fact that transmission through fibers could be
improved by applying a cladding was discovered in 1953
by Dutch scientist BRAM VAN HEEL, who used it to
demonstrate image transmission through a bundle of
optical fibers. Early cladding materials were oils, waxes,
and polymers . LAWRENCE E. CURTISS at
the University of Michigan developed the first glass
cladding in 1956, by inserting a glass rod into a tube of
• Light propagation in the cladding
is suppressed in typical fiber
• cladding helps in Reducing
scattering losses.
• Adds mechanical strength to the
fiber.
• Protects the core from absorbing
unwanted surface contaminants.
 BUFFER
• In a fiber optic cable , a buffer is one type of component used to
encapsulate one or more optical fibers for the purpose of
providing such functions as mechanical isolation, protection
from physical damage and fiber identification.

• The buffer may take the form of a miniature conduit, contained

within the cable and called a "loose buffer", or "loose buffer
tube". A loose buffer may contain more than one fiber, and
sometimes contains a lubricating gel .
• A "tight buffer" consists of a polymer coating in intimate contact
with the primary coating applied to the fiber during
manufacture.
• Buffer application methods include spraying, dipping, extrusion
and electrostatic methods. Materials used to create buffers can
include fluoropolymers such as poly vinyl idene fluoride (Kynar
), poly tetra fluoro ethylene (Teflon), or poly urethane.
• A fundamental optical parameter one should
have an idea about, while studying fiber optics
is Refractive index.
• By definition, “The ratio of the speed of light
in a vacuum to that in matter is the index of
refraction n of the material.”
REFLECTION
If the reflecting surface is very smooth, the reflection of light that
occurs is called specular or regular reflection.
• REFRACTION
• Refraction is the bending of
a wave when it enters a
medium where its speed is
different.
• The refraction of light when
it passes from a fast medium
to a slow medium bends the
light ray toward the normal
to the boundary between
the two media.
• When a ray of light is
incident at the interface of
two media with different
refractive indices, it will bend
either towards or away from
the normal depending on
the refractive indices of the
media.
According to Snell’s law,
refraction can be represented as

light moving from a

medium of high
refractive index
(glass) to a medium
of lower refractive
index (air) will move
away from the
normal.
CRITICAL
ANGLE
When the angle of
refraction is 90 degree to
the normal, the refracted
ray is parallel to the
interface between the two
media. In this case, the
incident angle is called as
the critical angle.
Total Internal Reflection

If the angle of
incidence is greater
than the critical
angle for a given
setting, the resulting
type of reflection is
called Total Internal
Reflection, and it is the
basis of Optical Fiber
Communication.
TYPES OF OPTICAL
FIBERS
 PARAMETERS OF OPTICAL FIBER
• The acceptance angle
• it is the maximum angle of a ray (against the fiber axis) hitting
the fiber core which allows the incident light to be guided by
the core.
• Numerical Aperture (NA)
• The Numerical Aperture (NA) of a fiber is defined
as the sine of the largest angle an incident ray can
have for total internal reflectance in the core
• A higher core index, with respect to the cladding,
means larger NA
• NA is a measure of the light gathering ability of a
fiber. It also indicates how easy it is to couple
light into a fiber.
 ATTENUATION
• attenuation is the rate at which the signal
light decreases in intensity
• glass fiber (which has a low attenuation) is
used for long-distance fiber optic cables
• plastic fiber has a higher attenuation and,
hence, shorter range.
• determines spacing of repeaters needed to
maintain acceptable signal levels.
 OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION
•method of transmitting information from one
place to another by sending pulses
of light through an optical fiber
•A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads
(fibers) to transmit data.
Block diagram of optical communication system
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
 Functional Advantages
The functional advantages of optical fibers are −
•The transmission bandwidth of the fiber optic cables is higher
than the metal cables.
•The amount of data transmission is higher in fiber optic cables.
•The power loss is very low and hence helpful in long-distance
transmissions.
•Fiber optic cables provide high security and cannot be tapped.
•Fiber optic cables are the most secure way for data transmission.
•Fiber optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference.
•These are not affected by electrical noise.
 PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES
The physical advantages of fiber optic cables are −
•The capacity of these cables is much higher than copper wire
cables.
•Though the capacity is higher, the size of the cable doesn’t
increase like it does in copper wire cabling system.
•The space occupied by these cables is much less.
•The weight of these FOC cables is much lighter than the copper
ones.
•Since these cables are di-electric, no spark hazards are present.
•These cables are more corrosion resistant than copper cables,
as they are bent easily and are flexible.
•The raw material for the manufacture of fiber optic cables is
glass, which is cheaper than copper.
•Fiber optic cables last longer than copper cables.
 DISADVANTAGES
Although fiber optics offer many
advantages, they have the
following drawbacks
Though fiber optic cables last
longer, the installation cost is
high.
The number of repeaters are to
be increased with distance.
They are fragile if not enclosed in
 APPLICATIONS OF FIBER
OPTICS
• The optical fibers have many applications. Some of them are
as follows −
• Used in telephone systems
• Used in sub-marine cable networks
• Used in data link for computer networks, CATV Systems
• Used in CCTV surveillance cameras
• Used for connecting fire, police, and other emergency
services.
• Used in hospitals, schools, and traffic management systems.
• They have many industrial uses and also used for in heavy
duty constructions.
 THANK
YOU
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