Transportation

Transportation contributions :
-Economic
-industrial
-Social
-cultural developments.

Economic : be it food, clothing, industrial products or medicines needs

transport at all stages from production to distribution
production stage : for raw materials like seeds, manure and coal, steel
etc.

Distribution stage : from production centres to marketing centers i.e,

from farms to factories and later to retailers and consumers for
distribution.
Inadequate transportaion facilities retard the process of socio-economic
development.
Adequacy of transportation shows its economic and social development.
Economic activity and transport :
economic activities – those by means of which the products are utilized
to satisfy human wants.
- Production and supply
- Consumption for human wants or demand
- The above two factors are imp in economic activity.
- The importance of transportation is found in its effects on both
human wants and satisfaction.
- Increased productivity and efficient transportation can lower the cost
of products
- Transportation cost is always an influencing factor on consumer price
of commodities.
Aspect of safety, emergency , law and order :
Transport facilities are needed for :
- Rushing aids in emergency
- To defend the territory of the country
- To guard the borders with the foreign territories
- Farthest border area can be connected to the capitals or head
quarters
- Medical emergency
- Calamity aid

summary : transportation is
- For the advancement of the community
- For the economic prosperity and general development of the country
- For strategic movement in case of emergency for defence
- For law and order in the country.
Social effects :
- Progress follows the lines of transportation.
- Population has always settled along the river shores, nearer to accessible
roads and transport facilities.
- Underdeveloped colonies and tribes are improving their living conditions as
the distances have been reduced with reduction in time travel.
- More frequent travels within and outside the country tend increase our
knowledge of people from other sections of the society.
- International understanding of better peace and order improves.
- Prosperity into urban population by increasing employment opportunities
results in enhanced economy.
- Tourism improves.
- Social visits and business activities improve.
- People can live away from work resulting in decrease in growth of slums in
urban areas.
- Well being of the community.
Rural development :
With almost 75% population in villages. Just development in urban centres
is not sufficient for over all development.
- Fertilizers and other inputs for agriculture
- Inputs for cottage industries
- Products to be old at the nearest marketing ares for more remunerative
price
- Faster economic growth and decreased wastage
- Improved facilities in villages for health, education , other social needs ,
decreases migration and helps in balance of the country as a whole.
Modes of transportation : 3 basic modes of transport
- Land : development of roads and railways
- Water : waterways
- Air : airways

Potential and limitations :

- The roads not only include modern highways but also city streets ,
feeder roads, village roads for wide range of vehicles and pedestrians.
- Railways are for long distance travelling and also urban travel.
- Waterways for oceans , rivers, canals and lakes for the movement of
ships and boats.
- Helicopter and aircraft use airways.
- Airways is fastest mode of transport
- Air travel is more comfortable
- Goods can be transported very quickly by airways.
- Weather and safety measurements must always be kept in mind.
- Security checks are also a major concern.
- Waterways is the slowest but energy efficient to haul unit load through unit
distance.
- It is possible between the ports on the sea routes or along the rivers or canals
where inland transportation facilities are available.
- Railways are efficient for goods and passengers both, in longer distances.
- They can act as arteries and the roads as feeder system to the interior parts.
- The energy require to haul unit load through unit distance is only a fraction as to
that required by road.
- Useful for transporting bulk goods along land with railway facilities.
The transportation by road is the only mode which could give max service
to one and all. This mode has also the max flexibility for travel with ref to
route , direction, time and speed of travel etc through any mode of road
vehicle. its possible to provide door to door service only by road
transport. The other 3 modes have to depend on transportation by roads
for the service to and from their terminals like airports, harbors and
stations. The road network is therefore needed not only as feeder
system but also to provide independent facility for road travels by a well
planned network of roads throughout the country.
- For short distances travel road transport saves time as the time of
halt for any other means of transport is more.
- Road transport is subjected to a high degree of accidents due to the
flexibility of movement offered to road users.
- Though aircrashes and derailment of railway locomotives is more
disastrous, road accidents are more frequent.
- Road transport is the only means that offers itself to the whole
community alike.
- Accessibility is more duse to use of a variety of vehicles.
- Road transport is relatively small investment for the govt.
- Maintainence is cheaper than tracks, docks, harbours or airports.
- The investment today on roads is much lower than the revenue
from road transport and also poor economic conditions of the vast
majority of population prohibits owning of vehicles and discourage
the use of transport.
Urban transportation planning process :
The transportation planning process is develop in a series of stages :
- Trip generation
- Trip distribution
- Model split

- Information realated to land use, economic activity, population , travel

charecteristics are collected through a series of surveys. For this purpose
the metropolitan area under study is sub—divided into a number of zones.
After a detaliled survey and analysis of results, an understanding of past
trends and future expectationss is made for forming the basis for further
demand analysis.
- Tripgeneration : this is the first stage of travel demand forecasting
process. Trip generation concerns with the estimation of number of trips
produced in a given zone.the trip is defined as the one-way movement
having single purpose and mode of travel between a point of origin and a
point of destination. Two popular methods of trip generation are :
- Multiple regression analysis : in this a functional relationship is expressed
between the trips per zone and various socio economic activities in that
zone. On assumption that this model remains stable overtime, the future
number of trips can be predicted.
Category analysis : in this method, the household trip making is
considered rather than zonal trip making.

Trip distribution : it is the stage where trips generated and attracted

from each zone are distributed to any other zone.
Model split : the proportion of total trips between any two zones
that can be shared between the private vehicles and public
transportation system is determined in this stage. The models so
far developed have been designed to determine this proportion
between car and bus modes. Typically the times and costs of
travel by car mode and bus mode are assessed between two OD
points and with the help of diversion curves, the number of bus
trips likely to be made within the OD pair is determined.
OD survey : it is carried out mainly
- To plan the road network and other facilities for vehicular traffic
- Plan the schedule of different modes of transportation for trip demand
of commuters.

- The OD study of vehicular traffic determines the no, origin and destination in
each zone. The data may also be supplemented by the no of passengers in
each vehicle, purpose of each trip , halts, reasons, etc.it gives info about
- actual direction of travel
- Selection of routes
- Length of trip
These studies are most essential for planning and improving. Eg : there
can be a high percentage of through traffic which may be diverted by
providing a by pass and thus saving distance and time.it provides the
basic data for determining the desired directions of flow or the desire
lines..
The methods for collecting OD data are :
- Road side interview method
- License plate method
- return post card method
- tag on car method
- home interview method

Presentation of O D data :
- O and D tables are prepared showing number of trips between
different different zones.
- Desire lines : they are plotted which is a graphical representation
prepared in almost allOD surveys. Desire lines are straight lines
connecting the O points with D points summarised into different
area groups. The width of these lines is drawn proportional to the
no of trips in both directions. The map thus formed easily enable to
decide the actual desire of the road users and thus helps to find the
necessity of a new road link, a diversion, a bypass or a new bridge.