Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
HEALTH HAZARDS
Raymond Gomez Blanco
DOLE AOSP – FIRE SAFETY ENGINEER – TRAINING DIRECTOR
AVIE TRAINING AND CONSULTANCY SERVICES
PHYSICAL
HAZARD
ERGONOMIC CHEMICAL
HAZARD HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
OBJECTIVES:
Discuss and explain common hazards in the
workplace and their effects to workers’
health.
Genetic Multiplicity of
factors exposure
Lifestyle
Duration of
Age exposure
Ingestion
Chemical Hazards
Routes of excretion
Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish
dermatitis
Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, Refrigeration, solvent
trichloroethylene workers
Chemical Hazards – HAZARD COMMUNICATION
Used rags must be disposed of or stored in a self-closing oil rag waste can.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Physical Hazards
Noise
Vibration
Extreme Temperature
Illumination
Radiation
Ear Anatomy
NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
• Hypertension
• Hyperacidity
• Palpitations
• Disturbs relaxation and sleep
Permissible Noise Exposure (Rule 1074:02:)
TABLE G-16 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES (1)
1074.01: Threshold Limit Values for Noise
_____________________________________________________________
_
Duration per day, hours Sound level dBA slow response
____________________________________________________________
8...........................| 90
6...........................| 92
4...........................| 95
3...........................| 97
2...........................| 100
1 1/2 ......................| 102
1...........................| 105
1/2 ........................| 110
1/4 or less................| 115
Adverse Health Effects Of Noise:
Acute Effects:
1. Acoustic Trauma (explosion, Gunshot); acoustic trauma refers to
permanent cochlear damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound
pressure.
2. Temporary Threshold Shift (Disco)
3. Poor Communication
Types
Segmental vibration
— pain
Whole Body Vibration:
Health effects:
Fatigue
Irritability
Headache
Natural Conditions
Hot work processes related to furnaces, kilns,
boilers and smelting
Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders Clinical features
Double Vision
Headaches
Painful irritation
Lacrimation
Conjunctivitis
Rule 1075:
Illumination
Illumination
is the deliberate application of light to achieve
some aesthetic or practical effect.
Lighting includes use of both artificial light
sources such as lamps and natural illumination
of interiors from daylight.
Day lighting (through windows, skylights, etc.)
is often used as the main source of light during
daytime in buildings given its low cost.
General Provisions – Rule 1075.1 (page 42)
Control Methods:
Improve illumination by adding:
artificial light sources
natural light sources
Reduce by- Isolation or enclosure
PPE
Electromagnetic Spectrum
VIRUSES FUNGI
BACTERIA PARASITES
Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations
I- Immunodeficiency I- Immune
V- Virus D- Deficiency
virus which causes
AIDS
S- Syndrome
serious and usually fatal
condition in which the body’s
immune system is severely
weakened and cannot fight
off infection.
Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS
Demographic Data Feb 2009 Jan – Feb 2009 Cumulative Data
1984 – 2009
Total Reported Cases 47 112 3,701
Asymptomatic Cases 45 107 2,893
AIDS Cases 2 5 808
Males 38 95 2,595*
Females 9 17 1,095*
Youth 15-24 y/o 12 31 537
Children <15 y/o 1 2 52
Reported deaths due to 0 0 317
AIDS
Source: HIV / AIDS Registry, Department of Health, Philippines * Note: No data available on sex for eleven (11) cases.
Modes of HIV Transmission
Reported Mode of Feb Jan-Feb Cumulative Data:
Transmission 2009 2009 1984—2009
n=47 n= 112 N=3,701
Sexual Contact 43 107 3,297
Heterosexual contact 13 36 2,034 (62%)
Homosexual contact 14 37 872 (26%)
Bisexual contact 16 34 391 (12%)
Blood / Blood Products 0 0 19
Injecting Drug Use 0 1 8
Needle Prick Injury 0 0 3
Mother-to-Child 1 2 49
No data available 3 3 325
Body Fluids with High Viral Load
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and cervical mucus
Breastmilk
Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Modes of Transmission
• Unprotected penetrative sex
— semen, blood, vaginal secretions
• Blood transfusion on infected blood and blood products
• Sharing needles among
I.V. drug users
• Vertical/perinatal
— mother to infant
• Breastfeeding
HIV is NOT transmitted…
• through casual contact in any setting– schools, homes,
hospitals
Be Faithful
Condom
Do not inject
Drugs/no sharing of
needles
Education
TETANUS
A neurological disorder
characterized by increased
muscle tone and spasms, that is
caused by tetanospasmin, a
protein toxin elaborated by the
organism Clostridium tetani.
Prevention
Active immunization with
tetanus toxoid
Careful wound
management
TUBERCULOSIS
caused by the bacteria,
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
caused by droplet nuclei
released when sneezing
and coughing
Symptoms: weight loss, low
grade afternoon fever,
persistent cough and
sometimes, blood-streaked
expectoration or hemoptysis
Ten Leading Causes of Death by Sex
Number, Rate/100,000 Population &
Percentage, Philippines, 2004
Both Sexes
Cause Male Female
No. Rate Percent*
1. Heart Diseases 40,361 30,500 70,861 84.8 17.6
2. Vascular System Diseases 28,930 22,750 51,680 61.8 12.8
3. Malignant Neoplasm 21,395 19,129 40,524 48.5 10.1
4. Accidents** 28,041 6,442 34,483 41.3 8.6
5. Pneumonia 15,822 16,276 32,098 38.4 8.0
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 17,841 8,029 25,870 31.0 6.4
7. Ill-defined and unknown causes of
10,941 10,362 21,278 25.5 5.3
mortality
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 13,084 5,891 18,975 22.7 4.7
9. Diabetes Mellitus 7,970 8,582 16,552 19.8 4.1
10. Certain conditions from perinatal
7,809 5,371 13,180 15.8 3.6
period
Source: 2004 Philippine Health Statistics, Last Update: February 11, 2008
* percent share from total deaths, all causes, Philippines ** External Causes of Mortality
DOTS Strategy…the Solution!
Directly Observed Therapy Short Course
With DOTS
90% CURE RATE
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
ERGONOMICS
Human Biological Science
+
Engineering Science
____________________________________
MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY
“ fitting the job to the worker”
ERGONOMICS
the task
(job content &
context)
the the
organization tool
the the
environment workstation
ERGONOMICS
Goal
to reduce work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) developed by workers
Painful joints
Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists,
forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
Shooting or stubbing pains
Swelling or inflammation
ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
Static
posture
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Forceful exertion
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Repetitive movement
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Awkward posture
ERGONOMICS
STRESS
STRESS
• Types of monitoring
1. Ambient / Environmental
2. Biological
3. Medical Surveillance
BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING
Biological Monitoring
Identify cases
Clinical diagnosis
Treatment and surveillance
- measurable health effects Late
- Morbidity
- Mortality
End effects
- diseases
- unfavorable events (spontaneous
abortion)
Standards, Policies and
Guidelines
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Rule 1050
Rule 1070
Occupational Health and Environmental Control
Rule 1960
Occupational Health Services
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
1961: General Provisions
1. Every employer shall establish in his place of
employment occupational health services in
accordance with the regulation and guidelines
provided for under this rule.
1 – 50 1 Full time
100 – 199 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time 1 Full time
4hrs/day 3x/week * 4hrs/day 3x/week *
200 - 600 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time 1 Full time
4hrs/day 6x/week ** 4hrs/day 6x/week **
601 - 2000 1 Full time or 1 Full time 1 Full time every shift 1 Full time every shift
2 Part Time
4hrs/day 6x/week
2000 and more 1 Full time 1 Full time 1 Full time every shift 1 Full time every shift
1 Part time
4hrs/day 6x/week
*Alternate each day
** Alternate workshift in a day
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
Non - Hazardous Workplaces:
1 - 99 1 Full time
100 – 199 1 Part time 1 Full time
4hrs/day 6x/week
200 - 600 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time 1 Full time
4hrs/day 3x/week * 4hrs/day 3x/week *
601 - 2000 1 Part time 1 Part time 1 Full time every shift 1 Full time every shift
4hrs/day 6x/week ** 4hrs/day 6x/week **
2000 and more 1 Full time 1 Full time 1 Full time every shift 1 Full time every shift
1 Part time
4hrs/day 6x/week
Health Examinations:
Entrance
Periodic
Special examination
Transfer examination
Separation examination
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH PROGRAMS
Key Elements of the
Occupational Health Program
Health Protection
Health Promotion
Health Rehabilitation
Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program
Disease
Chemical
Solvents Paints, Irritant, Surveillance for chemical
Thinners Multisystem exposure
effects Exposure monitoring
(Biologic Monitoring)
Physical
Noise Woodwork Hearing Hearing Conservation
Operations Impairment Program
Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program
Disease
Biologic
Tetanus Dirty Nails, soil Lockjaw, rigidity, Immunization
death
Ergonomic
Stresses Awkward Musculoskeletal Management or
Cumulative postures, Heavy Disorders personnel methods;
Trauma loads Workplace
Disorder modification
Worker education
and training;
Back Care Program
Health Promotion
Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction
Immunization
OSHS, RULE 1960
Smoking cessation
RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
HIV/AIDS
RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act
of 1998
National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated
by DOLE - 1997
Health Promotion
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the
Implementation of a Drug-Free Workplace Policy and
Program for the Private Sector
Information
Education Relevant laws,
Training standards, issuances
Campaigns and guidelines
Good practices Enforcement
Successful cases
Implementation
Competitions
Demonstrations Inspection
Interventions Evaluation
Participatory Approach
scientific data
best practice
Benefits to the workers
Enhanced worker motivation and job satisfaction
Added problem-solving capacity
Greater acceptance of change
Greater knowledge of work and organization
Reduces the extent and severity of work related
injuries and illnesses
Improves employee morale and productivity
Reduces workers’ compensation costs
“I still need more healthy rest in
order to work at my best. My health
is the main capital I have and I want
to administer it intelligently.”
---Ernest Hemmingway
Nobel Prize winner for literature