Pertanyaan

• Sumur produksi minyak vertikal baru

beberapa bulan diproduksikan, tiba tiba
produksi airnya meningkat sehingga WC
nya mencapai 92 %. Pada awal produksi,
WC nya sekitar 20 %. Sebutkan 5
kemungkinan yang dapat menyebabkan
performances produksi seperti tersebut
diatas?
 Permasalahan Sumur
• Produksi Menurun (Liquid, Gas)
• Produksi air berlebihan (High WC, High
LGR)
• Produksi Pasir
• Produksi gas berlebihan
• Kerusakan Mekanis
• Liquid loading in gas bottom well
• Paraffin blocking
 Laju Produksi Menurun
• Permeabilitas rendah,
• Kerusakan formasi,
• Penyumbatan pada tubing, flowline,
• Viskositas tinggi
• Artificial lift yang kurang akurat,
• Permasalahan mekanis,
• Terjadi bottle necking di Fasilitas Permukaan.
 Water Wet
Oil Wet

0.5
Fluid Flow In Porous Media
toward the Well
 Natural Flow Choke
Production System PWH

Flowline

Vertical Flow
Performances

Tubing
Sand Face

Inflow Performance
Casing

Formation
Packer

re ( Drainage radius )
The well is said a Commingle Well when Production
is designed openly from many layers into a well bore.
 Production Well in a
Production
well
Water Drive
Reservoir
Production
Well
Not Preferred

Oil Zone
Production Well
Aquifer

Production
Well
Aquifer
 Production Wells are located
Compartment of Oil in surrounding Faulty
Reservoir Reservoir.

1. No good for water flooding

2. Reservoir pressures vary
across the reservoir.
3. At certain part of the
Reservoir, Reservoir Pressure
declines very rapidly, but the
others do not.
4. Energy support is very little.
5. WOC varies across the
reservoir
Water cut increases very rapidly
after water breakthrough
INFLOW PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS (Masalah Kelakuan alir fluida dari
reservoir ke sumur)
1. Reservoir conditions (Pressure)
2. Types of fluid (Gas, Oil and Water)
3. Multiphase flow ( Gas-Oil ; Oil-Water)
4. Reservoir geometry ( Thickness)
5. Reservoir Configuration / shape
6. Fluid entry
7. Rock heterogeneity
8. Rock type (Carbonate, sandstone,
Volcanics)
9. Layering (Berlapis lapis; layer tidak sama)
10. Reservoir size ( 18 acre, 24 acre) and
patterns ( 5-Spot, 7-spot, 9-Spot)
11. Drive mechanism (WD, GC, Solution gas)
12. Well orientation ( Vertical, inclines,
horizontal)
13. Well spacing
14. Well completion (Open hole, commingle)
 VERTICAL FLOW/ TUBING FLOW
PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS

1. Well geometry ( Diameter, Depth)

2. Well Orientation (Vertical, Inclined)
3. Multiphase flow (Gas, Water, Oil)
4. Pressure
5. Fluid type
6. Fluid characteristics
7. Pump / artificial lift methods
8. Deep sea operation
9. Well completion
PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Pipeline design
2. Multiphase flow
3. Pressure
4. Gas condensate
5. Fluid characteristics
6. Transportation
7. Deep sea operation (very low
temperature)
8. Bottle necking
 Bottle Neck Problems of
Surface pipeline Network

GS
 Gas

Oil-water-Gas Oil-Gas
Water
Gas Zone

GOC

Oil Zone

Oil – Water
Transition
h Zone

Producing WOC

Original WOC

Water Pc (pressure) ~ h (height) 0 SWIR SOR

SW
 Fluid Flow Characteristic In Porous
Media

• Type of Fluids in the reservoir,

• Flow regimes,
• Reservoir Geometry,
• Number of Flowing Fluids in the reservoir
 Type of Fluids

In general, reservoir fluids are classified

into three groups:
1. Incompressible Fluids
2. Slightly Compressible
3. Compressible Fluids
 Sistem Produksi Migas
• Alur aliran fluida produksi :
1. Reservoir
2. Perforations, gravel pack, screen etc.
3. Downhole equipment, casing, tubing,
packer.
4. Wellhead, production chokes
5. Flow lines, manifolds, Header.
6. Separators
 Sistem Produksi Minyak / Gas
Gas
Flowline

Choke
Liquid

Separator
Tubing

Casing
Reservoir
OUTFLOW
re

Inflow

Perforasi
 Produksi Fluida
• Dalam setiap selang aliran, fluida berinteraksi
dengan komponen produksi dari reservoir kesumur
(melalui perforasi, gravel pack, open hole, hydraulic
fracturing), tubing, pompa, choke, valve, flowline,
sehingga :
– Tekanan, temperature and kecepatan aliran
berubah-ubah sepanjang jalur produksi.
– Sifat sifat fluida dapat berubah dengan
berubahnya tekanan dan temperatur, demikian
juga jenis dan jumlah fasanya.
 Pressure Profile along the Production
System
Drainage Wellbore Wellhead Separator
Boundary (perforation) (Choke)

Pe

Pwf

P Pwh

IPR
Psep

re rw whead Sep
Reservoir Tubing Flowline Transport
 Tenaga Pendorong
• Tenaga pendorong yang menggerakan fluida
dalam reservoir dan sistem produksi adalah
energi yang tersimpan dalam bentuk fluida
terkompresi dalam reservoir.
– Selama fluida bergerak sepanjang komponen
sistem, terjadi penurunan tekanan. Tekanan pada
arah aliran secara kontinu mengalami penurunan
dari tekanan reservoir sampai harga tekanan final
downstream pada separator.
Oil Reservoir with
a gas cap and a
bottom water

Gas

OIL

Water
 Flowline

water coning Well

Gas Cap
Gas

Oil

Water Bottom
Water

Reservoir with a Bottom

Water and a Gas Cap
 Flowline

Reversed
water coning Well

Gas Cap
Gas

Oil

Water Bottom
Water

Reservoir with a Bottom

Water and a Gas Cap
 Flowline

Semi Spherical
Flow Pattern Well

Gas Cap
Gas

Oil

Water Bottom
Water

Reservoir with a Bottom

Water and a Gas Cap
SKIN FACTOR ( S )
 Skin
• Didefinisikan

• S dikenal sebagai skin factor (Hawkins).

• Persamaan steady state radial flow menjadi
 Effect of Skin on BFP

Well

Bottom
Flowing
Flow Direction
Pressure

Well Radius Drainage

Radius Radius
 Separator

Separator
Well
Radial Flow

No Water
Coning

Oil

Oil Water Contact (OWC)

Water Water
Edge Water
 Differences in
well penetration
will result in
pressure drop
differences
around the well.
Also this may
cause PI
Partial penetration wells differences
among wells at
the same
reservoir.
 Well-2 Well-3
Well-1

Oil

Wells penetrate a reservoir with

different thickness
Near Wellbore Skin Effect
 Productivity Index (PI)
• Ukuran kapasitas sumur untuk
memproduksikan fluida dari reservoir ke
lubang sumur.
• Definisi : Laju produksi fluida untuk
penurunan tekanan 1 psi dari reservoir ke
lubang sumur. (bbl/day/psi)
• Semakin besar harga PI maka sumur
tersebut mempunyai kemampuan produksi
semakin besar juga.
 Productivity Index (PI)

P1 P2

0.001127 k A (p 1 - p 2 ) q 0.001127 k A
q    PI
 L (p 1 - p 2 )  L
P1

Two-Phase (Gas and Liquid )

P2 Liquid

qL
Construct IPR of a vertical well in an oil reservoir. Consider (1) transient flow at 1
month, (2) steady-state flow, and (3) pseudo–steady-state flow. The following data
are given:
Porosity, Φ = 0.2X
Effective horizontal permeability, k = 10 md
Pay zone thickness, h = 50 ft
Reservoir pressure, pe or p = 5,000 psia
Bubble point pressure, pb = 100 psia
Fluid formation volume factor, Bo = 1.2
Fluid viscosity, μ = 1.5 cp
Total compressibility, ct = 0:0000125 psi-1
Drainage area, A = 640 acres (re = 2,980 ft)
Wellbore radius, rw = 0.328 ft
Skin factor, S = 5
Construct IPR of two wells in an unsaturated oil reservoir using generalized
Vogel’s equation. The following data are given:
Reservoir pressure, pe or p = 5,500 psia
Bubble point pressure, pb = 3,500 psia
Tested flowing bottom-hole pressure in Well A, pwf1 = 4,000 psia
Tested production rate from Well A, q1 = 400 st/day
Tested flowing bottom-hole pressure in Well B, pwf1 = 2,0XX psia
Tested production rate from Well B, q1 = 1,000 stb/day