Introduction to Disaster, Disaster

Management and SPHERE

Handbook
Ridwan Gustiana MD. MPH

Date: December 2011

What is Disaster?
Disaster Definition

✤ “serious event that cause an ecological background in the relation

between humans and their environment on the scale that requires
extraordinary efforts to allow the stricken community to cope, even
with outside help or international aid” (Spiegel,P.B. 2007)

✤ “Bencana adalah peristiwa atau rangkaian peristiwa yang

mengancam dan mengganggu kehidupan dan penghidupan
masyarakat yang disebabkan, baik oleh faktor alam dan/atau faktor
non alam maupun faktor manusia sehingga mengakibatkan timbulnya
korban jiwa manusia, kerusakan lingkungan, kerugian harta benda,
dan dampak psikologis”(UU 24/2007)
Type of Disaster

✤ Natural Disaster : Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcano Eruption, Flood

✤ Man Made Disaster/Complex Emergencies: War and Conflicts

Type of Disaster

Type Slow Onset Rapid Onset Cyclical

Earthquake
Flood
Drought Drought
Natural Tsunami
Famine Cyclone
Cyclone

Industrial
Man Made Conflict Conflict
Nuclear
Recorded Disasters

✤ Since the millennium-> 35 conflicts and 2,500 natural disasters

affected more than two billion people and caused millions of deaths
(UNEP, 2010).

✤ A major cause of population displacement

Indonesia : disaster supermarket

✤ MAN MADE/CONFLICT
✤ NATURAL
✤ Maluku Conflict : 1999-2001 :
✤ Aceh Tsunami 2004 : 250,000 >8000 killed, 350.000 displaced
killed, a million displaced
✤ Sampit Conflict 2001 : 500
✤ Jogjakarta Earthquake 2006 Killed, 100.000 displaced
:6000 killed, 1.5 Million
✤ Aceh Conflict, Papua Conflict
Displaced
etc
✤ West Java EQ ’09 – 100 Killed,
200,000 homeless
✤ West Sumatera EQ ’09 – 1170
Killed, 1.25 Million Homeless
✤ Merapi Volcanic Eruption ’10
200 Killed, 200,000 homeless
Disaster Management
Definition

✤ The body of policy, administrative decisions and operational activities

required to prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and repair the effects of
natural or man-made disasters (UNDP, 2010)

✤ Activities : Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery

and Rehabilitation (ADPC, 2010)
Disaster Management Cycle
source : Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

Date
GOAL

✤ (1) Reduce, or avoid, losses from hazards;

✤ (2) Assure prompt assistance to victims;

✤ (3) Achieve rapid and effective recovery.

DISASTER
RESPONSE
A CRITICAL PHASE OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
 Disasters

Ongoing Development
Warning Indicators
(Flash Points)
Activities

Reconstruction

Rehabilitation
Assessment
Emergency Relief

Search & Rescue

EMERGENCY Rehabilitation / Recovery
WARNING PHASE PHASE
Many Months
Months/Weeks/Hours Days/Weeks

Time
Sphere Handbook
The Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standard in Disaster Response

Date
Background - Core Beliefs

✤ Those who affected by disaster of conflict have a right to life with

dignity, and, therefore a right assistance.

✤ All possible steps should be taken to alleviate human suffering arising

out from disaster of conflict.
The Humanitarian Charter
“the fundamental rights involved in humanitarian response “

✤ The right to life with dignity

✤ the right to receive humanitarian assistance --> Impartial and non-

discrimination

✤ the right to protection and security

The Protection Principle
“Safety dignity and rights of people affected by disaster or armed conflict”
The Core Standard
“Processes that are essential to achieving all the Sphere minimum standard”
The Minimum Standard
“The minimum of levels to be attained during humanitarian response”

✤ The Minimum Standard in Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

Promotion

✤ The Minimum Standard in Food and Nutrition

✤ The Minimum Standard in Shelter, Settlement and Non Food Items

✤ The Minimum Standard in Health Action

The Minimum Standard in Health
Action
Humanitarian Response

✤ Primary Goal : Prevent and Reduce excess of mortality and morbidity

✤ Aim : Maintain Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) and Under-5 Mortality

Rate (U5MR) at, or reduce to, less than double the baseline rate
documented for the population prior to disaster.
Baseline Reference Mortality
Source : SPHERE Handbook 2011
Minimum Standard in Health
Action

✤ Sphere Handbook
Further Course

✤ Sphere Standard Course, 3-4 days course

✤ Public Health in Emergency 2 weeks course

✤ Communicable disease control in Emergencies, 1 week course