m Is a personal state in which

the person feels unhealthy

m Physical, emotional,
intellectual, social,
developmental or spiritual
functioning is diminished or
impaired compared with
previous experience
m Illness is not synonymous
with disease

m Disease is an alteration in
body functions resulting in
reduction of capacities or a
shortening of the normal life
span
m `eredity

m Behavioral factors

m Environmental
factors
1. Symptom Experience

©ransition stage

©he person believes something

is wrong

Experiences some symptoms

(§

   î
—. Assumption of Sick Role

!cceptance of the illness

Seeks advice, support for

decision to give up some
activities
. Medical Care Contact

Seeks advice of health

professionals for the following
reasons:

 Validation of real illness

 Explanation of symptoms
 Reassurance or prediction of
outcome
J. Dependent Patient Role

Becomes dependent to health professionals

!ccepts/rejects health professional¶s

suggestions

Becomes more passive and accepting

May regress to an earlier behavioral stage

a. Recovery/ Rehabilitation

0ives up the sick role and

returns to former roles and
functions
m ne is not held responsible for his condition

m ne is excused from social roles

m ne is obliged to get well as soon as possible

m ne is obliged to seek for competent help

m Is any situation, habit, social or environmental
condition, physiological psychological condition,
developmental or intellectual condition, or
spiritual or other variable that increases the
vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness
or accident

m ©he presence of risk factors does not mean that

a disease will develop
m 0enetic and
physiological factors

m !ge

m Environment

m Lifestyle
©
  
 
   


   
     

  


   
 








 

 

Purposes of Inflammation are:

 ©o localize tissue injury

 ©o protect tissue from injury
 ©o prepare tissue for repair
 INFL!MM!N©S 1. Physical
2. Mechanical
3. Chemical
4. Microbial
©ISSUE INJURY 5. Electrical


 

ÿ ©ransitory vasoconstriction followed immediately by
vasodilation (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E
 INCRE!SED C!PILL!RY
PERME!BILI©Y

`YPEREMI!: FLUID/ CELLUL!R EXUD!©IN

  
  î

EXUD!©ES
 
    
ÿ §     
 

 
ÿ
   

ÿ  


§ 
m Promote rest to enhance
recovery

m Reduce swelling

 elevate the affected

body part to promote venous
return

 §§ 

cold for first 72 hours; heat
after 72 hours
m Relieve pain

m Increase excretion of
microorganism by
adequate hydration

m Provide adequate
nutrition: 
 

§   
  
m !dminister medication as ordered:

!nalgesic/antipyretic: aspirin, acetaminophen,

paracetamol, mefenamic acid

!nti-inflammatory: NS!IDs
N ± no alcohol
S ± Side effect is ³BIR©`
! ± aspirin sensitivity ± do not give
I ± inhibits prostaglandins
D ± do take with food
S ± stop 5 to 7 days before surgery
m Surgery

6ncision and drainage: to remove inflammatory

exudates to promote healing process

Debridement: to remove necrotic tissue

ÿ Surgical and mechanical debridement

ÿ Mechanical debridement is performed using the
 

 
m ©he reparative process begins at approximately
the same time as the injury and is interwoven with
inflammation

m `ealing proceeds after the inflammatory debris

has been removed

m May occur by regeneration or replacement

m ×
 ש

 Labile cells multiply constantly to replace worn out

cells (§    î

 Permanent cells ( î may have permanent

destruction, but axons may regenerate

 Stable cells have a latent ability to regenerate, if

they are damaged or destroyed, they are able to
regenerate (kidney, liver, pancreasî
m ×   ©

 
  
± wound is clean and dry
and the edges are approximated, as in a surgical
wound, with little scar and heals in a week

  
  

± the wound or defect
is larger and gaping and has necrotic or dead
material, the repair time is longer, the scarring is
greater, with loss of specialized function
m `
 

 Increase in cell size leading to increase in organ

size

 ©he stimulus is increased workload

 Leg muscles of runners

 !rm muscles in tennis players
 Cardiac muscles in person with hypertension
m  

 shrinkage in size of cell, leading to decrease in

organ size

 Stimuli are decrease in use, blood supply,

nutrition, hormonal, stimulation, innervations

 Extremity immobilized in cast, secondary sex

organs in aging person
m `
 

 Increase in number of new cells

 Stimulus is hormonal influence

 Breast changes of a girl in puberty or pregnant

woman, regeneration of liver cells, new RBCs in
blood loss
m O  

 Change in the appearance of cells after they have

been subjected to chronic irritation

 Stimulus is reproduction of cells with resulting

alteration of their size and shape

 !lterations in epithelial cells of the skin

m 
 

 ©ransformation of highly specialized cell to less

specialized cell

 Serves as a protective function because less

specialized cells are more resistant to stress

 Ciliated columnar epithelium lining the bronchi of

smokers is replaced by squamous epithelium
!SSI0NMEN© (1 wholeî:

1. 0ive me at least 3 ways of assessing pain and

how it is performed

2. Write a sample pain assessment using the

LDC!R© and PQRS© mnemonics