Classes #9 & #10

Civil Engineering Materials – CIVE 2110

Buckling

Fall 2010
Dr. Gupta
Dr. Pickett
1
Buckling = the lateral deflection
of long slender members
caused by axial compressive forces

Buckling of Columns
Buckling
of
Diagonals
Buckling of Beams
 Column Buckling Theory uses
ASSUMPTIONS OF BEAM BENDING THEORY
 Column Length is Much Larger Than
Column Width or Depth.
so most of the deflection is caused by bending,
very little deflection is caused by shear

 Column Deflections are small. E

 Column has a Plane of Symmetry. 
 Resultant of All Loads acts 
Y
in the Plane of Symmetry.
σBuckle
 Column has a Linear
Stress-Strain Relationship.

 Ecompression = Etension
 
 σyield compression = σyield tension Y

 σBuckle < (σyield ≈ σProportional Limit ).

 Column Buckling Theory uses
ASSUMPTIONS OF BEAM BENDING
THEORY
 Column Material is Homogeneous.
 Column Material is Isotropic.
 Column Material is Linear-Elastic.  d
 Column is Perfectly Straight,
 Column has a Constant Cross Section
(column is prismatic).
 Column is Loaded ONLY by a
Uniaxial Concentric Compressive Load.
 Column has Perfect End Conditions:
 Pin Ends – free rotation allowed, P P
- no moment restraint
 Fixed Ends – no rotation allowed,
- restraining moment applied
 P=Pcr P=Pcr

Column Buckling Theory

 An IDEAL Column will NOT buckle. F

 IDEAL Column will fail by:
 Punch thru
 Denting σ > σyield compressive .
 Fracture

 In order for an IDEAL Column to buckle P=Pcr P=Pcr

a TRANSVERSE Load, F, Pcr = Critical Load
must be applied Pcr = smallest load at which
in addition to the column may buckle

Concentric Uniaxial Compressive Load.

 The TRANSVERSE Load, F, applied to IDEAL Column
Represents Imperfections in REAL Column
 P=Pcr

Column Buckling Theory

 Buckling is a mode of failure

caused by Structural Instability
due to a Compressive Load  d
- at no cross section of the member
is it necessary for
σ > σyield .
P=Pcr

 Three states of Equilibrium are possible for an Ideal Column

 Stable Equilibrium
 Neutral equilibrium
 Unstable Equilibrium
 Column Buckling Theory – Equilibrium States

Stable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium

F
F

P<Pcr P<Pcr P<Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr

F Δ=small Δ=grows
F F

P<Pcr P<Pcr P<Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr

 Column Buckling Theory – Equilibrium States

Stable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium

P P Ideal Column P Ideal Column
Ideal Column
Pcr Pcr
Pcr
Real
Real Column
Column
Real Column
Δ/L= Δ/L= Δ/L=
0 0 0
P<Pcr P<Pcr P<Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr

F F Δ=small F Δ=grows

P<Pcr P<Pcr P<Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P=Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr P>Pcr

 Deflection - BEAM BENDING THEORY
 When a POSITVE moment is applied, (POSITIVE Bending)
TOP of beam is in COMPRESSION
BOTTOM of beam is in TENSION.

NEUTRAL SURFACE:
- plane on which
NO change
in LENGTH occurs.

Cross Sections
perpendicular to
Longitudinal axis
Rotate about the
NEUTRAL (Z) axis.
 Tension P P

Tension
Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column

Compression
From Moment curvature relationship;
M M
Negative Curvature Positive Curvature
P P
Compression

y=(+) 1 M d2y 1 M d2y y=(-)

  2   2 P
 EI dx  EI dx
P
M
M P  CCW
 CCW
M atX 0 M atX 0
x

Tension
x 0   M x  P( y ) 0   M x  P( y )
Tension

d2y d2y
0  EI 2  Py 0  EI 2  Py
dx dx P
P
Compression
Tension Tension

Tension
Compression Tension
Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column
d2y
For Either Curvature : 0  EI 2  Py
dx
Assume : y  ASin(mx)  BCos (mx)
dy
 mACos(mx)  mBSin (mx)
dx
d2y
2
  m 2
ASin ( mx)  m 2
BCos (mx)
dx
d2y
Substitue int o : 0  EI 2  Py
dx
0  m 2 EI ASin(mx)  BCos (mx)  PASin(mx)  BCos (mx)
 
0  P  m 2 EI ASin(mx)  BCos (mx)
0  P  m 2 EI Thus : m  P
EI
the solution becomes :
 P   P 
y  ASin  x   BCos  x 
 EI   EI 
 Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column
x=L y=0
d2y
For Either Curvature : 0  EI 2  Py
dx
 P   P 
y  ASin  x   BCos  x 
 EI   EI  L
x
For a Pin  Pin Column :
at x  0 y  0 0  ASin(0)  BCos (0)
y
0B
at xL y0 x=0 y=0
 P 
0  ASin ( x  L) 
 EI 
Buckling never occurs if A  0
 P 
Thus must have : 0  Sin  L 
 EI 
 Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column
x=L y=0

 P   P 
The Buckling equation is : y  ASin  x   BCos  x 
 EI   EI 

For a Pin  Pin Column : L

 P  x
must have : 0  Sin  L 
 EI 
The Sin function  0 at
y
P
L  0,  ,2 ,3 ,..........n n  number of half Sine waves
EI
n 2 2 EI
Thus : P  2
in the buckled shape x=0 y=0
L
Pcritical  Pcr  Lowest Load at which column may buckle
Pcr  Lowest Load , when n  1

 2 EI
Pcritical 
L2
 Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column
x=L y=0
P
For a Pin  Pin Column : L  0,  ,2 ,3 ,...n
EI
n  number of half Sine waves in buckled shape
n 2 2 EI  2 EI  2 EI  2 EI
Thus : Pcritical 
L 2
 
 2
n
 2

L 2 Leffective  KL 2
L
x
L
Effective Length of Column Leffective   KL
n
KL  Leffective  Length of a Pin  Pin Column y
having the SAME Buckling Load
as the ACTUAL Column
x=0 y=0
1 1
K 
n n  number of half Sine waves

K  effective length factor

  2 EI  2 EI  2 EI 1 PC
Pcritical 
L effective 
2

 n
L2 2

KL2
K
n Fixed

PB 0.5 of
PA

0.5LA
Pin Fixed Half Sine
Wave

Half

0.5LC=Leff
Half
LA=Leff
Sine LB 0.5LB=Leff Sine LC

LA
Wave Wave

0.5 of
Fixed

0.5LA
Pin PB Half Sine PC
PA Fixed
Wave
n  1.0 K  1.0 n  2.0 K  0.5 n  2.0 K  0.5
Leff  1.0 LA Leff  0.5( LB  LA ) Leff  0.5( LC  2 LA )
 2 EI  2 EI 4 2 EI  2 EI  2 EI
PAcr  PBcr   PCcr  
LA 2 0.5LA  2
LA 2 0.52LA 2
LA 2
PBcr  4 PAcr LB  LA PCcr  PAcr LC  2 LA
  2 EI  2 EI  2 EI 1
Pcritical  
L n   K PE
L effective 
2 2
2
KL 2
n Free

PA PD
0.7071LD=Leff

Sine Wave
Pin

LE =LA

0.5 of Half
Pin

Half Half

2LE=Leff
LA=Leff Sine
Sine LD
Wave Wave
PE
0.414 of
Pin Fixed PD Half Sine
PA Fixed Fixed
Wave
n  1.0 K  1.0 n  1.414 K  0.7071 n  0.5 K  2.0
Leff  1.0 LA Leff  0.7071( LD  LA ) Leff  2( LE  LA )
 2 EI  2 EI 2 2 EI  2 EI 0.25 2 EI
PAcr  PDcr   PEcr  
LA 2 0.7071LA  2
LA 2 2LA 2 LA 2
PDcr  2 PAcr LD  LA PEcr  0.25PAcr LE  LA
 Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column
x=L y=0
 2 EI  2 EI  2 EI 1
Pcritical 
L effective 
2

L n 
2
2

KL2
K
n

Deter min e Stress at Buckling Load :

L
x
Pcritical  1   2 EI
Stress   Critical_ Buckle   
Area  A  KL 2
I y
Define : Radius of Gyration  r 
A
 2 E  I   2 Er 2
 Critical_ Buckle    2 2 x=0 y=0
K L  A K L
2 2

 2E
 Critical_ Buckle  for var ious end conditions
KL / r 2

KL
 effective slendernes s ratio
r
 RADIUS OF GYRATION
B&J 8th, Section: 9.5
P

 2E
2
 r  A
 Critical_ Buckle    2 E 
σ
σcrcr

KL r  2
 KL 


BUCKLING= 

KL/r

IX IY
rX  rY 
A A
 rX
I
rX  X
I IN 4 A
r   IN
A IN 2

rX = distance away from X-axis,

Y X
that an equivalent area should
be placed, to give the same rY
Iy
second moment of area ( Ix ) rY 
about X-axis, as the real area. X Y A

rY = distance away from Y-axis,

that an equivalent area should
be placed, to give the same
second moment of area ( Iy )
about Y-axis, as the real area
 Elastic Buckling – Ideal vs. Real Column
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
1
2 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5
3
4 STEEL: Modulus of Elasticity = 2.90E+07 PSI STEEL: Yield Stress = 36 PSI
5
6 Moment Radius Buckling Buckling Buckling % Moment Radius Buckling
7 End Column Column Column Column of of Slenderness Stress Load Stress Error of of Slenderness Stress
8 Conditions Length Width Thickness Area Inertia Gyration Ratio Theoretical Experimental Experimental Inertia Gyration Ratio Theoretical
9
10 K L B H A I R KL/r σcr P σexp (exp-thry)/thry I R KL/r σcr
11 Y axis Y axis Y axis Y axis Y axis Y axis X axis X axis X axis X axis
12 Pin-Pin buckling buckling buckling buckling buckling buckling buckling buckling
13 (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.^2) (in.^4) (in.) (in./in.) (KSI) (Lb.) (KSI) (in.^4) (in.) (in./in.) (KSI)
14
15 INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT
16 1.0 6.0625 0.755 0.190 0.143 0.000432 0.0548 111 23.43 2950 20.56 -12% 0.006814 0.2179 28 369.92
17 1.0 8.0625 0.757 0.190 0.144 0.000433 0.0548 147 13.25 1900 13.21 0% 0.006868 0.2185 37 210.27
18 1.0 11.0625 0.750 0.198 0.149 0.000485 0.0572 194 7.64 1100 7.41 -3% 0.006961 0.2165 51 109.63
19 1.0 15.0000 0.759 0.192 0.146 0.000448 0.0554 271 3.91 500 3.43 -12% 0.006996 0.2191 68 61.07
20 1.0 18.0000 0.757 0.193 0.146 0.000454 0.0557 323 2.74 400 2.74 0% 0.006977 0.2185 82 42.19
21
22 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5 F-01-5
23
24
25
26 Column Buckling, Pin-Pin, Steel, F-2001-Fall
27
28
29
30
25
Buckling Stress (KSI)

31
32
33 20
34
35
36 15 Theoretical
37
38
39 10 Experimental
40
41
42
43
5
44
45
46 0
47
48 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
49
50 Slenderness Ratio (KL/ry)
51
52
Elastic Buckling Theory – Ideal Column Pcr=0.25PAcr for L=LA

 2 EI  2 EI  2 EI 1
Pcritical 
L
effective 
2

L n 
2
2

KL2
K
n

L=LA
PAcr Pcr = 2PAcr for L=LA
Pcr = 4PAcr for L=LA

Leff=2L

Leff=0.7L
LA L=LA Leff=0.5L L=LA
L=LA