Jacob’s Group

Human Rights = Individual Rights

 Rights that one holds merely by virtue of being HUMAN.

 All human beings hold all human rights equally including race,
gender, religion…)
 Deprived only under very limited and prescribed conditions such
as criminal conviction or necessities of state power in warfare)
Rhoda E. Howard (1948, p.1)
• Human Rights are defined as all those rights which are essential
for the protection and maintenance of dignity of individuals and
create conditions in which every human being can develop his
personality to the fullest extent.

• Human rights become operative with the birth of an individual.

Human rights, being the birth right, are inherent in all the
individuals irrespective of their caste, religion, sex and nationality.
 Fundamental Rights are essential human rights that are offered to every citizen
irrespective of caste, race, creed, place of birth, religion or gender.
 These are equal to freedoms and these rights are essential for personal good and the
society at large.
 There are 6 main fundamental rights:

i) The Right to EQUALITY

ii) The Right to FREEDOM
iii) The Right to Freedom from EXPLOITATION
iv) The Right to Freedom from RELIGION
v) Cultural and EDUCATIONAL Rights
vi) The Right to CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
 RIGHT TO FREEDOM
THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM EXPLOITATION
EQUALITY
 Freedom of Speech and  The abolition of
expression  Equality before Law
trafficking in human
 Abolition of Titles beings and Beggar
 Freedom to form
associations or unions (forced labour)
 Beggar, practised in
the past by landlords,
RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM has been declared a
RELIGION crime and is
 Religious communities can set up
punishable by law
charitable institutions of their own.

EDUCATIONAL
CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
 Any community which has a
language and a script of its  Right to constitutional remedies empowers the
own has the right to citizens to move a court of law in case of any
conserve and develop it. denial of the fundamental rights.
 Rights to life
- Every human beings has the right to
live, and should not be killed by another
human being.

 Freedom from slavery

- nobody shall be held in slavery or
servitude.

 Freedom of speech
- freedom of an individual or community
to articulate one’s opinion or others
without fear of retaliation, censorship or
sanction.
 Freedom of religion
- freedom of an individual or community
to manifest their religion or belief in
teaching, practice, worship, and
observance.

 Citizens rights
- Right to vote in elections for public
officials.

 Social security
- assistance for those unable to work due
to sickness, disability, maternity,
employment injury, unemployment or old
age.
 Fundamental Human Rights
 The rights that United Nations aims to protect for all people
Eg. The right to live your life free of discrimination; racism
 Controversial Human Rights
 The rights that some believe are basic human rights but others believe are more
controversial
Eg. The right to reproductive freedom, marrying the same gender ; abortion
Q1. What are human rights ?

Q2. State 2 examples of human rights.

Q3. Who fought for human rights?

A) Nelson Mandela
B) Michael Jackson
C) Adolf Hitler

Q4. Which country is with the worst human rights violations?

A) Malaysia
B) Brazil
C) North Korea

Q5. When was the official date whereby Universal Declaration of Human Rights was
created ?
A) November 10, 1948
B) December 10, 1948
C) December 10, 1945