IELTS

WRITING Overview
•Presentation Basic Guidelines

- place no title/s
- follow margins fully without splitting words
- write legibly, printed form, if possible
- write every paragraph in block format
- write from the very first line
- allot a line space only between paragraphs.
 ACADEMIC
You will be SCORED on your ability to detect and
interpret information from statistics or
representations.
Writing a short description on statistical
information or data represented in tables, charts
(maps), graphs (pie, bar, line) or diagrams
(process and procedures).
YOU ARE REQUIRED TO:
A) Organize, present and possibly compare data.
e.g. money people spend on different forms of
leisure.
B) Describe stages of a procedure or process
e.g. the stages of human evolution.
C) Describe an object or event or a series of
events
e.g. How the water cycle works.
D) Explain how something works
e.g. How a car engine works.
GENERAL TRAINING
You will be SCORED on how you comply with the
task requirements using appropriate language
and organization.
General Points
You must respond appropriately in terms of:
Register – formality and politeness; e.g. no
short forms
Organization – clear and logical
Style – academic; e.g. no rhetorical questions,
no exclamations, no extreme opinions, use
tentative expressions such as ‘this appears to
be…’ ‘this is probably due to…’
Content – relevant and complete
NOTE: THE ABSOLUTE INSTRUCTIONS ARE:
1) TIME FRAME : No more than 20 minutes
2) WORD COUNT : No less than 150 words
 Task 2: ACADEMIC AND GENERAL
You will be SCORED on your ability to present opinions in a logical manner, to
establish cause and effect, to justify an opinion and exemplify when needed,
to present both sides of an argument, and to compare and contrast opposing
arguments.

• YOU ARE PRESENTED WITH A POINT OF VIEW OR ARGUMENT OR PROBLEM.

WHEREIN YOU SHOULD:
• PRESENT AND JUSTIFY AN OPINION
• EX. DO YOU THINK FILIPINO VOTERS ARE POLITICALLY MATURE ?
• COMPARE AND CONTRAST EVIDENCE, OPINIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
• EX. HOW EFFECTIVE IS IT TO REWARD GOOD WORK WITH EXTRA MONEY?
• EVALUATE AND CHALLENGE IDEAS, EVIDENCE OR AN ARGUMENT
• EX. ‘FAILURE SHOWS DESIRE WASN’T STRONG ENOUGH’. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE?
 Example of Task 2
• SOME BUSINESSES NOW SAY THAT NO ONE CAN SMOKE CIGARETTES IN ANY OF
THEIR OFFICES. SOME GOVERNMENTS HAVE BANNED SMOKING IN ALL PUBLIC
PLACES.
THIS IS A GOOD IDEA BUT IT TAKES AWAY SOME OF OUR FREEDOM.
(‘PROPOSITION’)

DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE? (‘PROMPT’)

- READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY AND READ IT SEVERAL TIMES. DETERMINE

WHAT THE FOCUS OF THE TASK IS.

- THE FIRST SENTENCE IS SOMETIMES BACKGROUND INFORMATION, AND THE

FOCUS OF THE ESSAY AND THE QUESTION COME AFTER.
• DECIDE WHAT THE TASK REQUIRES YOU TO DO.
Writing CRITERIA
I) TASK ACHIEVEMENT / TASK RESPONSE (TA/TR)

II) COHESION and COHERENCE (CC)

III) LEXICAL RESOURCE (LR)

IV) GRAMMATICAL RANGE and ACCURACY (GRA)

 Task Achievement/Task Response
TASK 1
ACADEMIC
• Select the main/key features of the graph,
chart, map or process.
• Write a clear ‘OVERVIEW’ that includes the
main/key features (main trends, differences,
stages etc.) of the graph, chart, map or
process.
• Support them with accurate detail.
• Answer all the guide questions
• Write at least 150 words.
GENERAL TRAINING
• Identify the TONE of the letter you are
being asked to write. Is it a formal, semi-
formal or informal letter? The entire tone of
your letter is based on your answer to this
question. Adjust your style and choice of
words according to the type of letter you
have been asked to write.
• Include all bulleted points
• Write at least 150 words.
 TASK 2 ( ACADEMIC AND GT)

Answer the question essay will give relevant main points.

Present a clear position throughout the essay. Ideas are

developed, extended and well supported.

Write at least 250 words.

 II) COHERENCE AND COHESION (CC)
The overall clarity and fluency of the message, how the response organizes
and links information, ideas and language.

COHERENCE - refers to your ability to connect your main ideas together

so that they make sense and are easy to understand. This
is mostly done at paragraph level.
ASKS:
Are your paragraphs in a logical order?
Are there clear/concise ideas in every paragraph?
Is it easy to understand the main idea of each paragraph?

• Does the essay make sense? Is it well-developed and supported?

Is the message clear and effective? Is it logical? Does it link
conceptually and physically?
COHESION - refers to the connection of ideas at sentence and paragraph
level.

ASKS:

Are your sentences and ideas linked together?

Does the essay make sense? Is it well-developed and

supported? Is the message clear and effective? Is it logical? Does
it link conceptually and physically?
 III) LEXICAL RESOURCE (LR)

This refers to your ability to use vocabulary both

accurately and appropriately.

You will get a higher score for vocabulary if you:

Paraphrase the question correctly.
Vary your vocabulary using synonyms.
Avoid vocabulary mistakes.
Spell words correctly.
Use appropriate vocabulary
IV) GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY (GRA)
.
This refers to your ability to write sentences with no mistakes and also use a
range of grammatical structures.

WHAT IS BEING NOTED:

length and complexity of sentences
appropriate use of subordinate clauses
range of sentence structures, and the ability to move elements
around for focus
GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY
RECOMMENDATIONS:

Watch out for your labeling: A / AN / THE / Ø ARTICLE

Vary your structures when appropriate, and when you can.
Switch moods from active to passive.
Use perfect tenses.
Employ conditionals when possible.
Mix simple and complex clauses.

Do not contract words (e.g. don’t / can’t / won’t / isn’t / aren’t / I’m /
you’re / he’s / it’s), but with exception to informal GT letter writing,
where contractions are expected.
•CONSISTENT and PERSISTENT punctuation and spelling errors constitute
to deductions.
Watch out for your agreements and tenses, in particular, the second and third
person singular. (you, he, she, him, her, they, them, us, we), A.K.A as
NOMINALS
 ELEMENTS of a GOOD ‘Introduction’

Should have:
The Opening Hook – A general or interesting fact, an interesting fact, or a clearly
opinionated claim about the topic whose function is to attract the reader’s attention and
make that reader want to read further.
The Background Information – A brief description of both sides of an issue. This lays
the groundwork for your argumentation.

OPTIONAL:
* The Thesis Statement - A statement that clearly states your opinion or recommendation.

* The Forecast – An outline of all the main arguments your essay will discuss.
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD BODY PARAGRAPHS
The 4 Ways of Topic Sentence Expansion
 1. THE HYPOTHETICAL:
Speculates what would happen if the topic sentence were or were not to be.

‘If newspapers continue to be printed then it would not help the drive
for environmental sustainability.’

 2. THE ELABORATION:
Expounds and expands on the topic sentence, answering the question “what do you
mean?”

‘Newspapers are old news, meaning, all that newspapers contain have
already come out on television and the internet.’
 3. THE RATIONALIZATION:
Answers the question as to “why” the topic sentence should be.

‘Newspaper are no longer important because of the presence of

television and the internet.’

 4. THE EXEMPLIFICATION:

Strengthens the idea behind the topic sentence by providing due examples, answering the
question “for example?”

‘Newspapers are not as handy as gadgets such as tablets or cell phones, from
which the same information can be seen.’
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD BODY CONCLUSION
The Concluding Statement - To ‘conclude’ means to arrive at an informed
decision or summary after careful evaluation of the facts. Your conclusion
should link conceptually with the body paragraphs. It should answer the
question, “So what’s your point?”
Utilize the Closing Hook – An anecdote, an interesting fact, or a clearly
opinionated claim about the topic whose function is to leave the reader with
something to reflect on.

• GIVES THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEAVE A GOOD IMPRESSION.

• ONLY A FEW SENTENCES.
• SUMMARIZES YOUR KEY IDEAS AND YOUR MAIN IDEAS.
• IF APPROPRIATE, GIVE A FINAL DECISION, STATEMENT, OR
RECOMMENDATION.
ADDITIONAL POINTERS:

Have LINKERS / CONNECTORS

Connectors/Markers are essential in forming a cohesive

work.
Transitional devices help carry a thought from one sentence
to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph
to another.
 again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further,
addition
furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too

comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly

concession granted, naturally, of course
although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even
though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless,
contrast
notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though,
yet
emphasis certainly, indeed, in fact, of course
after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in
example or
fact, in other words, in short, it is true, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to
illustration
illustrate, thus, truly
all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in
summary particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to
put it differently, to summarize

after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that
time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in
time sequence addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now,
presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then,
thereafter, too, until, until now, when
Writing is more than just
a creative process; it
requires discipline.
GENERAL TRAINING WRITING TASK 1
Full Block Format X Indent

I–B–C X Use contractions

Use FORMAL words X Gender- specific

nouns and pronouns

Write legibly X Abbreviate

Use proper X give figurative

punctuations! meanings/ comparison

Finish your task X 2nd person pronoun

(YOU, YOUR, YOURS)
X Begin sentences with
FANBOYS
LETTER TYPES
Complaint letter
Letter requesting for
information
Letter of appreciation
Letter requesting for
assistance

What you might be asked to

do:
Narrating an event
Describing an object

IMPORTANT! Tone must be

considered. Letter may be in
formal or informal style.
 Type of Task 1: GENERAL TRAINING

• Formal Letter
• Semi - Formal Letter
• Informal Letter
 Who is the recipient of the letter?
 According to the situation given, do
you know who you will be writing
to?
 General Training Writing Task 1
Formal Writing

1Source: Kaplan IELTS

Greetings Complimentary Signature

Close
Dear Yours Faithfully, / John Smith
Sir/Madame: Faithfully, John Smith
Essay Pattern (Formal Letter)

P1 (Introduction):
•Introduce yourself
•Explain your intention for writing

P2-Pn (Body)
Answer your guide questions (may be done in separate
paragraphs, or just one, depending on length of answer)

Pc (Conclusion)
•Express what you want the receiver to do.
•Express what you shall be doing
 General Training Writing Task 1
Semi-Formal Writing

Greetings Complimentary Signature

Close
Dear Mr. Santos: Yours Sincerely, John Smith
John Smith
 General Training Writing Task 1
Informal Letter
You have just spent the weekend at a friend’s house. When you returned
home, you discover that you have left a coat containing some personal
belongings in his house.
•Write a letter to your friend telling him that you left the coat.
Tell him what the coat looks like, where you left it and what is inside.
Make some suggestions about how to get it back.

Greetings Complimentary Signature

Close
Dear John, Best Regards, John
Love,
 General Training Writing Task 1
Informal Letter

NOTE on INTRODUCTION:
Since this is a friendly letter, then introduction must be started with
something that will bring warmth to the letter though you must still
state your purpose for writing. Also, there is no need to introduce
yourself.

E.g.:
“Dear John,

How are you doing? It has been a long time since I wrote. I hope
you are in good health. I am writing to tell you the good news: we
may see each other this May! I plan on going on vacation and I
have chosen to visit Japan.”
 A. Formal Language
 Beginning
• I am writing this letter with regard to…
• I am writing to bring to your attention…
• I am writing to inform you that…
• I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with…..
 Requests and Suggestions
• I would be grateful if you would…
• I would like you to…
• I am entitled to request that you….
• I was wondering if it would be at all possible to….
• I would like to suggest that….
 Ending
• I look forward to hearing from you.
• I look forward to receiving your response.
• I await your prompt service.
• I thank you for your consideration.
• Please respond at the earliest convenience.
Dear Sir/Madam
I am writing to inform you that I recently lost my digital camera
while on holiday in Vietnam.
The camera is a black Canon 70d and cost $1550 when I bought it
new last month. It has a resolution of 20 megapixels, a Canon 67
millimeter lens and was in a brown leather case with my name on
it.
I lost it when I was having coffee with my husband in the
backpacker area of Ho Chi Minh City. I believe the coffee shop was
called Highlands Coffee and it was on Pham Ngu Lao Street. We
had been at the coffee shop for around 45 minutes when I noticed
it was missing.
I am entitled to make a claim for the value of the above mentioned
item and request that you send me details on what I need to do to
in order to proceed.
I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
Yours faithfully
John Smith
 B. Informal Language Dear Tom
Stating Purpose
I’m just writing to let you know that…. I’m just writing to let you know I quit my old job and found
I’m writing to tell you about….
something new.
Apologising
I was really fed up with being a brain surgeon because it
I’m very sorry about….. wasn’t really much of a challenge anymore. You know me, if
I’d like to apologise for…. I’m not learning new tricks, I get bored too easily and have to
Asking for help find something new.
I’d be really grateful if you could…..
I’m now teaching English as a foreign language in Vietnam
I was wondering if you would give me a hand with….. and it suits me down to the ground. I teach two adult classes
I was wondering if you would do me a favour. and a kindergarten class, which is not only challenging but
Expressing Satisfaction also rewarding too. Can you believe it?
I was over the moon to hear about….
I also have some other amazing news- I’m getting married.
I was thrilled to find out that/about……
She was one of my first ever students and I guess it was love
Giving bad news at first sight for both of us. Make sure you keep the first
I’m afraid I’ve a bit of bad news for you. weekend in July free, so you can come and celebrate with us.
Ending
All the best.
Keep in touch
Keep in touch.
Chris
 Plan/Structure
On a recent holiday you lost a valuable
item. Fortunately you have travel
insurance to cover the cost of anything
lost.
Write a letter to the manager of your
insurance company. In your letter:
•describe the item you lost
•explain how you lost it
•tell the insurance company what you
would like them to do
 Dear Sir/Madam
 Paragraph 1- Say why you are writing to them. (I am
writing with regard to…)
 Paragraph 2- Bullet point 1 and supporting details
 Paragraph 3- Bullet point 2 and supporting details
 Paragraph 4- Bullet point 3 and supporting details
 I look forward to hearing from you.
 Yours faithfully
 [Your Full Name]
Dear Sir/Madam
Salutation—copy exactly what is instructed

I am writing to inform you that I recently lost my digital camera while on holiday in Paragraph 1- Say why you are writing to
Vietnam. (purpose of the letter) them. (I am writing with regard to…)
The camera is a black Canon 70d and cost $1550 when I bought it new last month. It
has a resolution of 20 megapixels, a Canon 67 millimeter lens and was in a brown Paragraph 2- Bullet point 1 and supporting
leather case with my name on it.
details (describe the item you lost)
I lost it when I was having coffee with my husband in the backpacker area of Ho Chi
Minh City. I believe the coffee shop was called Highlands Coffee and it was on Pham
Ngu Lao Street. We had been at the coffee shop for around 45 minutes when I
Paragraph 3- Bullet point 2 and supporting
noticed it was missing. details (explain how you lost it )
I am entitled to make a claim for the value of the above mentioned item and request
that you send me details on what I need to do to in order to proceed. Paragraph 4- Bullet point 3 and supporting
I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
details (tell the insurance company what
you would like them to do)

Yours faithfully Action ending/sign off

John Smith
Dear Tom

I’m just writing to let you know I quit my old job and found
something new.
I was really fed up with being a brain surgeon because it
wasn’t really much of a challenge anymore. You know me; if You have recently started work in a new company.
I’m not learning new tricks, I get bored too easily and have to
find something new. Write a letter to an English-speaking friend. In your
letter
I’m now teaching English as a foreign language in Vietnam and
it suits me down to the ground. I teach two adult classes and - explain why you changed jobs
a kindergarten class, which is not only challenging but also - describe your new job
rewarding too. Can you believe it? - tell him/her your other news
I also have some other amazing news- I’m getting married.
She was one of my first ever students and I guess it was love
at first sight for both of us. Make sure you keep the first
weekend in July free, so you can come and celebrate with us.

Keep in touch

Chris
Letter to a landlord
You are experiencing financial problems and want to ask your
landlord if you can pay your rent late. Write a letter to your
landlord. In your letter, explain that:

 Why you are writing to him

 Why you cannot pay the rent
 When you will pay the rent
Dear Sir,
I am writing to you to request if you may allow me to pay my rent late this month.
I’ve been a tenant with you for a number of years now, and, as you know, I have always paid
my rent on time. However, I am having a few financial problems at the moment. Last month, I
was made redundant from my job because the company I work for is closing down. Because I
have not worked at the company for long, I have not received a redundancy payment,
therefore leaving me short of money this month.
I can assure you that I will be able to pay my rent on the 15th of next month. I now have found
another job, and they have kindly agreed to give me an advance on my wages, but they are
unable to arrange this until next week.
I hope this is acceptable to you. Please contact me at 0912 345 6789 for any concerns
regarding this.
Sincerely Yours,

Oscar Tower
 You ordered a new cheque book from your bank two weeks ago
but you have received nothing.

Write a letter to the manager complaining about the bad service.

Say when and how you ordered the cheque book. Ask how much
longer you will have to wait and ask the manager what action he
will take over this matter.

You should write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write your own address. Begin your letter as
follows:

Dear Sir,
 FORMAL SEMI - FORMAL INFORMAL
Begin letter with:

Start the
Introduction by:

Expand the Body of

the letter by:

End the letter by:

Give a
complementary
close like:
Finally, sign the
letter:
QUESTIONS ?
Task One Academic
Introduction + Basic/ General Trends + Details
Description + Conclusion
Examples how ‘General Statements’ are written

 ‘The provided diagram shows data on employment categories in energy

producing sectors in Europe starting from 1925 to 1985.’

 ‘The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employee
in 6 broad categories, divided into manual and non-manual occupations. ’

 ‘The chart gives information on expenditures of 4 European countries on six

consumer products namely Germany, Italy, Britain and France.’
Vocabulary for the General Trend
 ‘In general…’, ‘In common…’, ‘As is presented…’, ‘Generally
speaking…’, ‘As is observed…’

‘In general the employment opportunity has increased till 1970 and
has dropped down afterward.’
‘As is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five
mentioned countries show no overall pattern of increase or decrease
rather shows the considerable fluctuation from country to country.’
‘Generally speaking, USA had far more standard life than all the
other 4 mentioned countries.’
Clustering of Data
Model Task 1 Answer : INTRODUCTION
General statement:The table shows how people in different age groups spend their leisure time in
Someland over the course of a year.
Overall trend : It can be clearly seen that the amount of leisure time available varies considerably
especially amongst teens and young adults these age groups have very different ways of spending their
leisure time.

273
words
Model Task 1: FIRST BODY PARAGRAPH.
According to the figures, as people age in Someland their social lives reduce. Teenagers and people
in their twenties spend on average 500 hours per year on socializing and 350 hours of that time is
with a group of more than 4 people. Although the total hours of socializing in their 30s, 40s, 50s and
60s is fairly constant (between 300-350), socializing with more than 4 people drops dramatically to
50 hours in the 30s and 40s age groups and only 25 from 50 years old. Group and individual exercise
follow a similar pattern.
Model Task 1: SECOND BODY PARAGRAPH
 People of all ages spend a good part of their leisure time on entertainment
such as TV/video viewing and cinema. In both cases, teenagers and retired
people spend around twice as much time as those who are at working age.
Home entertainment ranges from just over a thousand hours for teenagers
and retired people and an average of 600 hours for everyone else. Cinema
accounts for 100 hours of the teenagers and retired people’s leisure time and
25-50 hours for the rest.

273
words
Model Task 1 Answer. Note how the model essay below complied
with the four key Task 1 attributes of tensing, the nominal traps, the cluster,
and the overview:
The table shows how people in different age groups spend their leisure time in
Someland over the course of a year. It can be clearly seen that the amount of
leisure time available varies considerably across the age groups and that people
of different age levels have very different ways of spending their leisure time.

According to the figures, as people age in Someland their social lives reduce.
Teenagers and people in their twenties spend on average 500 hours per year on
socializing and 350 hours of that time is with a group of more than 4 people.
Although the total hours of socializing in their 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is fairly
constant (between 300-350), socializing with more than 4 people drops
dramatically to 50 hours in the 30s and 40s age groups and only 25 from 50 years
old. Group and individual exercise follow a similar pattern.

People of all ages spend a good part of their leisure time on entertainment such
as TV/video viewing and cinema. In both cases, teenagers and retired people
spend around twice as much time as those who are at working age. Home
entertainment ranges from just over a thousand hours for teenagers and retired
people and an average of 600 hours for everyone else. Cinema accounts for 100
hours of the teenagers and retired people’s leisure time and 25-50 hours for the 273 w
rest.
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS IN TASK 1
 TABLE
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS IN TASK 1
LINE GRAPH
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS IN TASK 1
BAR GRAPH
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS IN TASK 1

PIE CHART/S
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS IN TASK 1

PROCESS
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS IN TASK 1

MAP/S
 From 1880 to 1984, there was no
significant change in the number of
complaints made about noise in thce
household.
 A slight dip was seen in 1984 to 1989:
from 500 complaints, the numbers went
down to 400.
 From 1988 to 1996, however, the
complaints about household noise
increased rapidly from 400 to more than
1,200.

Important: Apart from the movement, writers may

also specify how much and how fast/slow
the data moved.
 Making comparisons
 It can be observed that
developed countries have the
lowest illiteracy rate in both
gender, whereas South Asia had
the highest rate of people who
are unable to read or write.
 In all regions, males generally had
higher literacy rates than females.
 In the Arab States, a difference of
20% in the illiteracy rate of
females (a little over 50%) and
males (less than 30%) was
observed.
 Describing Pie Charts
 One-half of the school’s
expenditure in 1991 was allocated
to teacher’s salaries.
 Expenditure on resources and other
worker’s salaries were almost the
same.
 The school spent a little over one-
fifth/20% of its budget on other
workers’ salaries.
 Less than 5% of budget was spent
on insurance.
Important: Percentages may be expressed in several different ways.
Describing Maps

 Comparison of Diagrams:
 What are the differences?
 What changes had taken
place?
 Useful Words to show Relations:
 across, across from, where, in
which, to which, from which, under,
over , inside, on top of, along,
through, as far as, northern,
southern, eastern, western, to the
left/ on the left hand side, to the
right/ on the right hand side, to the
south, in back, behind the, in front,
in front of the
 in the middle, adjacent, mid point
halfway, interior, diagonal, edge
limit, parallel, parallel to,
perpendicular to, opposite,
overlapping, exterior, intersection,
rectangle, square, circle, vertical,
horizontal.
 Describing a Process
 Introduction:
 The illustration presents the
process and equipment used for
production of cement and
concrete. There are several steps
to this process.
 Body:
 What comes first?
 What comes next?
 What is the last procedure?
 What is the final product?

Important: Logical and chronological order must be

observed in a process.
 Vocabulary for presenting time or sequence:

Expressing the time or sequence is important to show a natural flow in your

arguments and paragraphs. Important vocabularies that can be used to show time
or sequence are given below.

First/ Then….. After this / While…..

Firstly….. At the same that….. Simultaneously…..
Second/ time….. Before….. Following this…..
Secondly….. Meanwhile….. After….. When….
Third/ Since….. Afterwards …..
Thirdly….. As soon as….. During…..
Last/
Lastly…..
Useful Words for Classification:

aspect, attributes, bases, basic kinds of, categories,

characteristics, classes, classifications, classify,
contradictory, contrasting, dissimilar, distinguishable,
divide, divided into, factors, falls into, fundamental,
important, insignificant, kinds of, main kinds of,
methods, minor, mutually exclusive, opposing,
opposite, origins, parts, primary, secondary, qualities,
significant, similar, sources, types of, unimportant.
THANK YOU . . .

QUESTIONS ?