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P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Fi Fdis Fg Fviscous
d 2h 32L dh
f Am L 2 Am p f Am ghv Am 2
dt d dt
d 2h 32L dh
f L 2 p f ghv 2
dt d dt
d 2 h 32L dh
m L 2 2 m ghv p
dt d dt
d 2 h 32L dh
m L 2 2 m g h hh p
dt d dt
L d 2 h 32L dh p
2 h hh
g dt 2
d m g dt m g
Second Order System
L d 2 h 32L dh p
2 h hv
g dt 2
d m g dt m g
L 32 L p
a2 ; a1 2 ; a0 1 & b0 hv
g d m g m g
The essential parameters
b0 p
The static sensitivity: K hv
a0 m g
a1 32L
The dimensionless damping ratio:
2 a0 a2 2d 2 m g L
g
a0 g
The Natural Frequency: n
a2 L
1 d 2 h 2 dh p
1 hv
n dt
2 2
n dt m g
p
X s
m gs
pn2
Y s
m gs s 2 2n s n2
•The transfer function is parameterized in terms of ζ and ωn.
•The value of ωn doesn’t qualitatively change the system response.
•There are three important cases—with qualitatively different
system behavior—as ζ varies.
•The three cases are called:
•Over Damped System (ζ >1)
•Critically Damped System (ζ =1)
•Under Damped System (ζ <1)
General Response of A Second Order System
y (t ) m g
p
0
y (t ) m g
y(t) t
p
0.5
0.707
y (t ) m g
p
1.0
t
Response of Pitot tube to step input
y (t ) m g
p
• Over Damped System (ζ >1)
32L
1
2d 2 m g L
g
32 L m g
L
2 1 2
2d m g d 16
y(t )
p
n t
1 e cosh n 1 t
m g
2
1
2
n t
e sinh n 1 t
2
y(t)
t
Measurement of Multi-dimensional Flows
Five Hole Probes
• The five-hole probe is an
instrument often used in low-
speed wind tunnels to
measure flow direction,
static pressure, and total
pressure in subsonic flows.
• This adaptation permits
extending the useful
calibration range up to 85 ° .
• A special calibration is to
been done, and new,
extended range calibration
curves are to be provided.
Probe Description