DRAW A

PERSON
TEST
DAP
DAdP Test
Goodenough- Harris
Draw A Person Test
WHAT IS DAP
TEST?
 IT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROJECTIVE
PERSONALITY AND COGNITIVE TEST USED TO
EVALUATE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS FOR A
VARIETY OF PURPOSES.
 IT IS A TEST WHERE THE SUBJECT IS ASKED TO
DRAW A PICTURE OF A MAN, A WOMAN, AND
THEMSELVES. NO FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS
ARE GIVEN AND THE PICTURES ARE ANALYZED
ON A NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS.
 A TEST USED TO MEASURE NON VERBAL
INTELLIGENCE OR TO SCREEN EMOTIONAL OR
BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS.
HISTOR
Y
HISTOR
Y
 THIS TEST WAS ORIGINALLY
DEVELOPED BY FLORENCE
GOODENOUGH IN 1926, THIS TEST
WAS FIRST KNOWN AS THE
GOODENOUGH DRAW- A- MAN TEST.
 GOODENOUGH FIRST BECAME
INTERESTED IN FIGURE DRAWING
WHEN SHE WANTED TO FIND A WAY TO
SUPPLEMENT THE STANFORD- BINET
INTELLIGENCE TEST WITH A NON-
VERBAL MEASURE.
HISTOR
Y
 THIS
TEST WAS DEVELOPED TO ASSESS
MATURITY IN YOUNG PEOPLE. SHE
CONCLUDED THAT THE AMOUNT OF
DETAIL INVOLVED IN A CHILD’S
DRAWING COULD BE USED AS AN
EFFECTIVE TOOL. THIS LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST OFFICIAL
ASSESSMENT USING FIGURE DRAWING,
THE DRAW- A- MAN TEST.
HISTOR
Y
 OVER THE YEARS, THE TEST HAS BEEN


REVISED MANY TIMES WITH ADDED

MEASURES FOR ASSESING
INTELLIGENCE. HARRIS LATER REVISED
THE TEST INCLUDING DRAWINGS OF A
WOMAN, AND OF THEMSELVES. NOW
CONSIDERED AS THE GOODENOUGH-
HARRIS TEST.
HISTOR
Y
 IN
1949, KAREN MACHOVER DEVELOPED


THE FIRST MEASURE OF FIGURE DRAWING

AS A PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT WITH
THE DRAW- A PERSON TEST. MACHOVER
DID A LOT OF WORK WITH DISTURBED
ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS AND USED
THE TEST TO ASSESS PEOPLE OF ALL
AGES. SHE MEASURE EXPRESSING THAT
THE FEATURES OF THE FIGURES DRAWN,
REFLECT UNDERLYING ATTITUDES,
CONCERNS, AND PERSONALITY TRAITS.
HISTOR
Y
 MACHOVER USED A QUALITATIVE
APPROACH IN HER INTERPRETATION
CONSIDERING INDIVIDUAL DRAWING
CHARACTERISTICS. BUT OTHERS HAVE
SUGGESTED A MORE QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH THAT CAN BE MORE WIDELY
USED ANALYZING SELECTED
CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE IN AN INDEX
OF DEEPER MEANINGS.
 SOON AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
TEST, PSYCHOLOGISTS STARTED
CONSIDERING THE TEST FOR MEASURES
OF DIFFERENCESS IN PERSONALITY AS
WELL AS INTELLIGENCE.
HISTOR
Y
 THEMOST POPULAR QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH WAS DEVELOPED BY
ELIZABETH KOPPITZ. SHE DEVELOPED A
MEASURE OF ASSESMENT THAT HAS A
LIST OF EMOTIONAL INDICATORS
INCLUDING SIZE OF FIGURES, OMISSION
OF BODY PARTS AND SOME
ADDITIONAL “SPECIAL FEATURES”. THE
TOTAL NUMBER OF THE INDICATORS
ARE SIMPLY ADDED UP TO PROVIDE A
NUMBER THAT REPRESENTS THE
LIKENESS OF THE DISTURBANCE.
ADVANTAGE
S
ADVANTAGE
S
 EASY TO ADMINISTER
 NO STRICT FORMATS

 RELATIVELY CULTURE FREE

 CAN ASSESS PEOPLE WITH

COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS.
DISADVANTAGE
S
DISADVANTAGE
S
 RESTRICTED AMOUNT OF HYPOTHESIS


CAN BE DEVELOPED.
 RELATIVELY NON- VERBAL BUT, MAY


HAVE SOME PROBLEMS DURING

INQUIRY.
ANALYSI
S
ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 HEAD:
 THEHEAD IS THE CENTER FOR INTELLECTUAL
POWER, SOCIAL BALANCE, AND CONTROL OVER
IMPULSES. A DISPROPORTIONATE HEAD
SUGGESTS THAT THE SUBJECT IS HAVING
DIFFICULTY IN ONE OF THESE AREAS.
DISPROPORTIONATE HEAD CAN ALSO BE DRAWN
BY SOMEONE WHO HAS BRAIN DAMAGE, SEVERE
HEADACHES, OR OTHER SENSITIVITY OF THE
HEAD.
 LARGEHEAD- PARANOID, NARCISSISTIC, INTELLECTUALLY
RIGHTEOUS, OR VAIN, ANYTHING HAVING TO DO WITH A
LARGE EGO.
ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 TIMING-
PEOPLE WHO DRAW IT LAST SHOWS
DISTURBANCES WITH INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS.

 NECK-
THE NECK OFTEN REPRESENTS THE
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE HEAD AND THE
BODY AN UNDEREMPHASIS MAY REPRESENT
ONE FEELING A DISCONNECTION BETWEEN
THESE TWO THINGS AND COULD SUGGEST:
SCHIZOPHRENIA. HOWEVER, UNDEREMPHASIS
COULD ALSO SUGGESTS FEELINGS OF
PHYSICAL INADEQUACY.
ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 FACE
 OMITTING: OMISSION OF FACIAL FEATURES IS AN EXPRESSION OF
AVOIDANCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

 EYES: REVEALS INNER IMAGE OF THE SELF.

 EMPHASIS: SUSPICIOUS OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD.

 DETAIL: CONCERN WITH SOCIAL FUNCTIONS; A MALE WHO DRAWS

EYELASHES SHOWS HOMOSEXUAL TENDENCIES.

 EYESCLOSED/ NO PUPIL: EMOTIONALLY IMMATURE OR PEOPLE WHO WANT TO SHUT

OUT THE WORLD.

 PIERCING EYES: PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIC

 EYEBROW: AN EMPHASIS ON GOOD OR BAD GROOMING.

ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 NOSE:SEXUAL SYMBOL; EMPHASIS INDICATES
SEXUAL DIFFICULTY, SEXUAL IMMATURITY,
INFERIORITY OR OTHER SEXUAL INSUFICIENCIES

 CHIN:
IF IT IS NOT INCLUDED, IT MAY BE A WAY OF
COMPENSATING FOR WEAKNESS, INDECISION, OR
A FEAR OF RESPONSIBILITY; IT CAN BE
INTERPRETED AS HAVING A STRONG DRIVE TO BE
SOCIALLY FORCEFUL AND DOMINANT.

 LIPS:
GIRLS WHO DRAW CUPID- BOW LIPS ARE
CONSIDERED SEXUALLY PRECOCIOUS. FULL LIPS
ON A MALE REPRESENTS NARCISSISM. PEOPLE
WHO DRAW SOMETHING IN THE MOUTH INDICATES
ORAL EROTIC TRENDS..
ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 MOUTH:MOST OFTEN DISTORTED IN PEOPLE
WITH SEXUAL DIFFICULTIES
 OVEREMPHASIS- EMPHASIZED IMPORTACE OF FOOD,
PROFANE LANGUAGE, AND TEMPER TANTRUMS.

 TEETH: SIGN OF AGGRESSION.

 CLOSEDMOUTH: SHUTTING THE MOUTH AGAINST

SOMETHING, WANTING TO KEEP SOMETHING IN,
ESPECIALLY A HOMOSEXUAL EXPERIENCE

 WIDE GRINNING MOUTH- SEEKS APPROVAL.

ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)


HAIR: MESSY HAIR MAY REPRESENT A FEELING

OF IMMORTALITY WHILE MORE WAVY AND
GLAMOROUS HAIR CAN MEAN A PERSON IS
SEXUALLY IMMATURE.

CONTACT FEATURES LIKE LEGS, ARMS, FEET

AND HANDS: THE MOVEMENT OF CONTACT
FEATURES IS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT. THE
AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT OF THE FEATURES IS
SUGGESTED TO DECREASE WITH AGE AND IS
ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 ARMS AND HANDS: REPRESENT EGO DEVELOPMENT AND
SOCIAL ADAPTATION.
 OMITTED: REPRESENTS A COMPLETE WITHDRAWAL FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT. IF A MALE OMITS A FEMALE’S ARMS, THEN HE HAS BEEN
REJECTED BY HIS MOTHER AND UNACCEPTED BY FEMALES. IF ONE
OMITS HANDS, THEY ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE A LACK OF CONFIDENCE
IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS.

 SHADING: TOO VIGOROUSLY SHADED HANDS COULD INDICATE

FEELINGS OF GUILT IN REGARD TO AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES.

 PLACEMENT OF ARMS: EXTENDED ARMS REPRESENT GOOD

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ENVIRONMENT OR SPONTANEITY. IF THEY
ARE WASTED THE INDIVIDUAL COULD HAVE A LOW SENSE OF PHYSICAL
REALITY.

 PLACEMENT OF HANDS: BEHIND THE BACK MAY REPRESENT GLAMOR

ASPIRATIONS FOR GIRLS, IN THE POCKET COULD INDICATE
WITHDRAWAL FROM SOCIETY OR FEELINGS OF GUILT ABOUT
MASTURBATION.
ANALYSIS
(MACHOVER)
 FINGERS: FINGERS ARE ESPECIALLY IMPPORTANT
BECAUSE OF THEIR CONNECTION WITH AN
INDIVIDUALS PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARE MOSTLY
USED TO REPRESENT LEVELS OF AGGRESSION. IF
THEY ARE OVER EXAGGERATED THEY CAN BE
INDICATORS OF GUILT. HOW LONG THEY ARE MAY
REPRESENT LEVELS OF AGGRESSION, TOO LONG
MAY MEAN THE PERSON IS OVERLY AGGRESSIVE,
TOO SHORT, MEANS THEY ARE RESERVED.

 TOES: OFTEN NOT INCLUDED IN DRAWINGS

BECAUSE OF SHOES, BUT IF THEY ARE, IT IS A SIGN
OF AGGRESSION. IF A FEMALE SHOWS PAINTED
TOENAILS, THEY MAY HAVE HEIGHTENED FEMALE
AGGRESSION.
ADMINISTRATIO
N
DAP: A GREAT WAY TO TELL THE
KIDS’ INTELLIGENCE.
 TEST ADMINISTRATION INVOLVES THE
ADMINISTRATOR REQUESTING THE CHILDREN
TO COMPLETE THREE INDIVIDUAL DRAWINGS- A
MAN, A WOMAN AND HIM/HERSELF ON
SEPARATE PIECES OF PAPER. THE
ADMINISTRATOR MAY ASK THE CHILDREN TO
INCLUDE THE NAME, AGE, FEELINGS OR WHAT
IS HIS/ HER DRAWING IS DOING AT THE MOMENT
ASIDE FROM THAT NO FURTHER INSTRUCTION
IS GIVEN. AND THE CHILD IS FREE TO MAKE THE
DRAWING WHICHEVER WAY HE/SHE PLEASES
TO THERE IS NO RIGHT OR WRONG TYPE OF
DRAWING, ALTHOUGH THE CHILD MUST MAKE A
DRAWING OF A WHOLE PERSON EACH TIME.
THE TEST HAS NO TIME LIMIT.
SCORING
SCORING
SCORE DESCRIPTION
0 AIMLESS UNCONTROLLED
SCRIBBLING
LINES SOMEWHAT CONTROLLED
1 APPROACHES CRUDE
GEOMETRICAL FORMS.

ALL DRAWINGS THAT CAN BE RECOGNIZED AS ATTEMPTS TO

REPRESENT THE HUMAN FIGURE IS SCORED PLUS OR MINUS ONE. ONE
CREDIT FOR EACH POINT SCORED PLUS AND NO HALF CREDITS GIVEN.

TO EVALUATE INTELLIGENCE THE ADMINISTRATOR USES THE DRAW-

A-PERSON: QUANTITATIVE SCORING SYSTEM.

TO ASSESS THE TEST TAKER FOR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS, THE

ADMINISTRATOR USES THE DRAW-A-PERSON: SCREENING PROCEDURE
FOR EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE TO SCORE THE DRAWINGS.
INTERPRETATIO
N
INTERPRETATIO
N LARGE HEAD- FANTASY IS PRIMARY SOURCE OF SATISFACTION

 SMALL HEAD- FEELINGS OF WEAKNESS AND INTELLECTUAL
INFERIORITY
 LONG HAIR- AMBIVELANT SEXUAL FANTASIES
 TINY EYES- STRONG VISUAL CURIOSITY
 LARGE EARS- HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CRITICISMS
 TRIANGLE NOSE- IMMATURITY
 POINTED NOSE- POSSIBLE ACTING OUT TENDENCIES
 TINY MOUTH- DENIAL OF ORAL DEPENDENT NEEDS
 HANDS BEHIND THE BACK- POSSIBLY GUILT FEELINGS FOR
MANUAL ACTIVITY
 TINY FEET- INSECURITY
 HIGH HEEL SHOES- POSIBLE HOMOSEXUAL TENDENCIES
 STICK FIGURE- POSSIBE DEPRESSION
 OPPOSITE SEX DRAWN FIRST- CONFLICT WITH SEXUAL
IDENTIFICATION.
THANKYOU FOR LISTENING!
