Variables, Keywords, Expressions,

Statements
 Program

•Sequence of instructions that specify how to perform a computation.

•Basic instructions in almost every program:
–Input: Get data from keyboard, or file or some other device.
–Output: Display data on the screen or send data to a file or other device.
–Math: Perform basic mathematical operations like addition and multiplication.
–Conditional Execution: Check for certain conditions and execute the appropriate
sequence of statements.
–Repetition: Perform some action repeatedly , usually with some variation
 Debugging

• Programming errors are called bugs.

• Process of tracking bugs and correct them is called debugging.
Types of Errors
• Syntax Errors : invalid code the compiler doesn't understand
printf(%d,s)
• Run Time Errors (Exceptions)
a= 10/0;
• Semantic Errors : valid code the compiler understands
Dangling Else
 Dangling Else

if (relative) if (relative)
{
if (my friend)
if (my friend)
cout << “both”; cout << “both”;
else }
else
cout << “neither”; cout << “neither”;
 Formal and Natural Languages

• Natural Languages are the languages that people speak, such as

English, Spanish, French. They were not designed by people; they
evolved naturally.
• Formal Languages are languages that are designed by people for
specific applications.
• Programming languages are formal languages that have been
designed to express computations.
• Parsing is a process to figure out what the structure of the sentence
is.
 Difference between Natural and Formal Languages
Ambiguity: Natural languages are full of ambiguity.
Formal languages are designed to be nearly or completely
unambiguous.
Redundancy: Natural languages are more redundant as compared to
formal languages.
Literalness: Natural languages are full of idiom and metaphor. If I say,
“The other shoe fell," there is probably no shoe and nothing
falling. Formal languages mean exactly what they say.
 Variable Expressions and Statements
• Value is a one of the fundamental thing, that a program manipulates.
• Variable is a name that refers to a value that maybe changed in the
program.
• The assignment statement creates new variables and gives them
values:
• >>> message = "What's up, Doc?"
• >>> n = 17
• >>> pi = 3.1415
 Variable
• Variable names must be meaningful.
• It contains both numbers and letters, but they have to begin with a
letter.
• Case sensitive.
• The underscore (_) character can appear in a name.
• Eg.
– >>>76trombones = "big parade“ >>> more$ = 1000000
– SyntaxError: invalid syntax SyntaxError: invalid syntax
– >>> class = "Computer Science 101“
– SyntaxError: invalid syntax
 Keywords
• Keywords define the language’s rules and structure and they can’t be
used as variable names.
• Python has twenty-nine keywords:
and def exec if not return
assert del finally import or try
break elif for in pass while
class else from is print yield
continue except global lambda raise
Python in its language defines an inbuilt module “keyword” which
handles certain operations related to keywords. A function
“iskeyword()” checks if a string is keyword or not. Returns true if a
string is keyword, else returns false.

>>> import keyword

>>> keyword.iskeyword("true")
False
 Statements

• A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute.

• When you type a statement on the command line, Python executes it
and displays the result, if there is one.
• A script usually contains a sequence of statements. If there is more
than one statement, the results appear one at a time as the
statements execute.
 Evaluating Expressions

• An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.

• If you type an expression on the command line, the interpreter
evaluates it and displays the result:
– >>> 1 + 1
– 2
• A value all by itself is considered an expression, and so is a variable.
>>> 17 >>> x
17 2
 Simultaneous Assignments

Python also supports simultaneous assignments like this:

var1,var2…………..,varn=exp1,exp2…………….,expn
>>> a,b,c=4,5,6
>>> a
4
>>> b
5
>>> c
6
Write code to swap two numbers.
>>>X=1
>>>Y=3
>>>Temp=X
>>>X=Y
>>>Y=Temp
Can be written as:
>>>X=1
>>>Y=3
>>>X,Y=Y,X
What is the maximum possible value of an integer in Python ?
In Python, value of an integer is not restricted by the number of bits
and can expand to the limit of the available memory.
>>> x=10000000000000000000000000000
>>> x
10000000000000000000000000000
As a side note, in Python 3, there is only one type “int” for all type of
integers. In Python 2.7. there are two separate types “int” (which is 32
bit) and “long int” that is same as “int” of Python 3.x, i.e., can store
arbitrarily large numbers.
• x = 10
• print(type(x))
• x = 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
• print(type(x))
Output in Python 2.7 :
<type 'int'>
<type 'long'>
Output in Python 3 :
<type 'int'>
<type 'int'>
 Operators and Operands
• Operators are special symbols that represent computations like
addition and multiplication.
• The values the operator uses are called operands
• When both of the operands are integers, the result must also be an
integer, and by convention, integer division always rounds down.
• +, -, *, /, %, **,//
• ** is used for exponential.
• / is also used for float division
• // is used to integer division
>>> 2/3
0.6666666666666666
>>> 2.0/3
0.6666666666666666
>>> 2.0/3.0
0.6666666666666666
>>> 2//3
0
>>> 2.0//3
0.0
>>> 2.0//3.0
0.0
>>> 2.0//10
0.0
>>> 2.0//10.0
0.0
 Order of Operations
• When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of
evaluation depends on the rules of precedence.
– Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force
an expression to evaluate in the order you want.
– Exponentiation has the next highest precedence.
– Multiplication ,Float Division, Integer Division and remainder have
the same precedence, which is higher than Addition and Subtraction,
which also have the same precedence.
– Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
 Operations on Strings
• Mathematical operations can’t be performed on strings, even if the
strings look like numbers.
• the + operator represents concatenation.
• For Example:
– fruit = "banana"
– bakedGood = " nut bread“
– print fruit + bakedGood
• The * operator also works on strings; it performs repetition.
• For eg:
– "Fun"*3 is "FunFunFun"
 Composition
• One of the most useful features of programming languages is their
ability to take small building blocks and compose them

Comments
• It is a good idea to add notes to your programs to explain in natural
language what the program is doing. These notes are called comments.
• they are marked with the # symbol:
•For eg:
# compute the percentage of the hour that has elapsed
percentage = (minute * 100) / 60
Questions ??
 Programs

1 There are 5280 feet in a mile. Write a Python statement that

calculates and prints the number of feet in 13 miles
2 Write a Python statement that calculates and prints the number of
seconds in 7 hours, 21 minutes and 37 seconds.
3 The perimeter of a rectangle is 2w+2h, where w and h are the lengths
of its sides. Write a Python statement that calculates and prints the
length in inches of the perimeter of a rectangle with sides of length 4
and 7 inches.
 Programs

The circumference of a circle is 2πr where r is the radius of the circle.

Write a Python statement that calculates and prints the circumference
in inches of a circle whose radius is 8 inches. Assume that the constant
π=3.14.
 Programs

• Given p dollars, the future value of this money when compounded

yearly at a rate of r percent interest for y years is p(1+0.01r)y. Write a
Python statement that calculates and prints the value of 1000 dollars
compounded at 7 percent interest for 10 years.
• Write a Python expression that combines the string "Joe Warren is 52
years old." from the string "Joe Warren" and the number 52 and then
prints the result (Hint: Use the function str to convert the number
into a string.)
 Programs

Write a single Python statement that combines the three strings "My
name is", "Joe" and "Warren" (plus a couple of other small strings) into
one larger string "My name is Joe Warren." and prints the result.

The distance between two points (x0,y0) and (x1,y1) is

(x0−x1)2+(y0−y1)2. Write a Python statement that calculates and prints
the distance between the points (2,2) and (5,6).