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Christianity

What is Christianity?
 A diverse, 2000 year old religion
 Followed by almost 1/3 of the world’s
population
– 2.1 billion
 Based on the life, teachings, death and
resurrection of Jesus
– Believed to be the Christ (messiah, savior) by
his followers (thus called “Christians”)
Major Divisions
 Roman Catholic  Protestant
– 1.1 billion – 365 million
 Eastern  Anglican
Orthodox – 80 million
– 217 million
The Historical Jesus

 Born, lived, and died a Jew in the first century


in Roman occupied Palestine
– Nazareth
 Knowledge of Him based on New Testament
– Little is known of childhood
 Baptized at age 30 by John (“the Baptist”)
– Blessed by Holy Spirit as He came out of water
– “thou art my beloved Son, with thee I am well
pleased.” (Mark 1:11)
Jesus’ History, continued

 Then began a mission of preaching,


teaching, and healing as an itinerant teacher
 Had a following of 12 primary disciples
– Countless multitudes attracted by his miracles
and words of wisdom
Jesus’ Death
 Jesus claimed that he spoke with
the authority of God
 Betrayed by disciple Judas
 Put on trial for being a
revolutionary & a political threat
to Roman and Jewish authorities
 Roman governor of Judea,
Pontius Pilate
– condemned and put to death by
means of crucifixion
 The following Sunday, He
appeared to his followers as a
triumph over death
– Later ascended into Heaven
Jesus’ Teachings
 Focused on the kingdom of God
– Standards of human conduct
– Merciful God—how people should treat each otherGolden
Rule
– Personal God --“Our Father”
 Used stories and parables to teach
 Known as miracle worker and faith healer
 Religious and social reformer
– Accepted a variety of people
– Go above and beyond the letter of the law
 Preached forgiveness of sin over punishment for sin
– Turn the other cheek
History of Christianity
 Jesus’ work was continued after resurrection by
St. Paul and St. Peter
– Established churches throughout Europe
 Church remained small and persecuted
– Roman Emperors Nero, Domitian, Diocletian
 Constantine promoted Christianity
– Became official religion of Rome
 Great Schism, 1054
– Split western (Roman Catholic church) and eastern
(Orthodox church)
Catholicism

 Pope is supreme spiritual leader and


Vatican head of state
– Vatican City is an independent country
surrounded by Rome
– St. Peter’s Basilica, St. Peter’s Square
 First pope was Leo I (officially), or St.
Peter
Orthodoxy
 Literally means “right teaching or right worship”
– Derived from two Greek words: orthos (right) and
doxa (teaching or worship)
 Followers believe that there were false teachings
and divisions in early Christian times
– Threatened the identity and purity of the Church
– Followers believe the Orthodox Church carefully
guards the truth against all error and schism
 Believe in saint worship, Eucharist, confession of
sins, baptism
St. Basil Cathedral,
Moscow
Protestantism
 Movement from 16th century
“Reformation”
– To reform the (Catholic) church
• Corruption, leadership, authority, etc.
– Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Knox
– Brought to America in various forms
 Usually recognize only 2 sacraments of
baptism and communion
– 7 in Catholicism
– No saints, no rosary, no pope, etc.
Anglican
 Began in 6th century England
– Followed Luther’s protest
 King Henry VIII spent most of his reign
challenging the authority of Rome
– Divorce was just one issue
 Spread by English colonization and
missionaries
 Do not follow Pope’s authority
– Led by bishops
– Now ordain women priests
 Book of Common Prayer
 Often called Episcopal
Scripture
 Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible)
 New Testament (written after Jesus’ death, by his followers,
during the first century; not canonized until the 4th century)
– Four gospels (“good words”) about the birth, life, teaching,
acts, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Written by Mark,
Matthew, Luke & John
– The Book of Acts of the apostles – earliest history of the
developing church
– Epistles (“letters”) of Paul addressed to the churches they
founded and led throughout the Mediterranean
– The Book of Revelation – of John - a vision of the end of time,
or the Apocalypse.
Beliefs and Customs

 Baptism: outward sign of commitment to Jesus


 Eucharist (communion): symbolic meal of Jesus’
last meal with disciples; taken in thanks and
celebration
 Trinity: belief in God as the Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost; not 3 different gods
 Saints: celebrated people who led good lives,
often associated with miracles
Other Beliefs

 Original sin: all humanity is inherently separated


from God
 The sacrifice of Jesus – a sinless representative
of humanity (a “scapegoat”) - as the ultimate
atonement for the sins of humanity
 Heaven and Hell:
– Eternal life for those who are “saved by the blood of
the lamb (Jesus)”
– Eternal damnation for those who are not so saved
Problem for Humans
 Damnation
– New covenant based on Christ needed
to atone for Adam’s sins
– Efforts and good deeds alone cannot
save you; you must have faith in Christ
Christian Holy Days

Two major seasons in the Christian calendar:


 Christmas – celebrating the birth of Jesus
 Easter – commemorating the resurrection of
Christ

 Christmas:
– Advent (four weeks leading up to Christmas day)
– Christmas Day (December 25th)
– Epiphany (the “twelfth day of Christmas”)
More Christian Holy Days
 Easter: (early spring, date varies)
– Ash Wednesday and Lent (40 days before Easter,
a period of sacrifice and spiritual renewal in
preparation for Easter)
– Holy Week including:
• Palm Sunday (Jesus’ triumphant entry into Jerusalem)
• Maundy Thursday (communion meal/Last Supper)
• Good Friday (Jesus’ Passion and crucifixion)
• Easter Sunday (celebrating the resurrection)
 Pentecost: the 50th day (seven weeks) after
Easter (commemorates the coming of the
Holy Spirit upon the apostles)
Protestant Groups
 Lutheran  Mennonite
 Church of England,  Amish
Anglican, Episcopal  Quaker
 Presbyterian,  Separatists
Congregational  Brethren (Puritan)
 Baptist  Christian Scientist
 Methodist  Jehovah’s Witness
 Latter Day Saints  Seventh Day
(Mormons) Adventist
 Pentecostal  Unification Church
 Shaker
Christianity on the Web:
 ReligiousTolerance.org Christianity menu:
http://www.religioustolerance.org/christ.htm a jumping off point for
the basics on Christianity, including the Bible, important personalities
(Jesus, Mary, saints, etc.), history, beliefs, practices, trends, denominations.
 The Spiritual Sanctuary Christianity page:
http://www.thespiritualsanctuary.org/Christianity/Christianity1.ht
ml provides basic information on major Christian groups and distinctive
movements with links to official denomination websites.
 Orthodox Christianity: http://www.kosovo.com/orthodoxy.html
Basic introduction, history, doctrine and links to other Orthodox sites.
 Catholic Online: http://www.catholic.org an inside look at Catholic
concerns and life; includes a nice section on saints and angels.
 Protestantism: (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism the basics, with links to
details about a variety of Protestant denominations.

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