ENGINEERING MATERIALS

ENGR. ESTANISLAO M. PIALAGO JR.

PME
 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING

Materials of engineering refers to selecting the correct materials for the

application in which the engineered part is being used.

The selection process includes choosing the material, paying attention to its
specific type or grade based on the required properties such as malleability or
tensile strength.

Materials from which the item is to be manufactured are noted on the

engineering drawing using standard material and grade codes.

It is important that manufacturers do not interchange materials because the

switch may make the products susceptible to failures.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY STEELS

 LOW- ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEELS

Were developed for structural uses where light weight is important, such
as in the transportation industry
 LOW- CARBON ALLOY STEELS (.10-.25%C)

AISI STEELS- used chiefly for carburizing.

 MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY STEELS (.25- .50%C)

usually quenched and tempered to hardness between 250 and 400 brinell.
 HIGH-CARBON ALLOY STEELS (.50-.70%C OR MORE)

ordinary heat treated to hardness between 375 and 500 brinell, for use as
springs, wear resisting parts.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ALLOYING ELEMENT:
 ALUMINIUM
is an efficient deoxidizer, an alloy in nitriding steels and promotes
fine grain size.
 BORON

is an economical hardenability agent in low carbon or medium

carbon deoxidized steels.
 CHROMIUM

improves hardenability economically, resitance to corrosion,

strength at high temperatures, and wearing properties.
 MANGANESE

improves strength and increases hardenability moderately,

counteracts and brittleness from sulphur.
 OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ALLOYING ELEMENT:
 MOLYBDENUM
increases hardenability markedly and economically, tends to
counteract temper brittleness, improving creep strength and red hardness.
 NICKEL

strengthens unquenched and annealed steels, toughens steel and

simplifies heat treatment by lessening distortion.
 SILICON

strengthens low-alloy steels and improve resistance to high

temperature oxidation.
 VANADIUM

promotes fine.
 TYPES OF HARDENING
 CARBURIZING
is a process of adding carbon to the surface of steel by exposing it to hot
carbonaceous solids, liquids, or gases- above transformation temperature.
 CYANIDING
as in liquid carburizing, cyaniding is accomplished by immersing the part in a hot
(1150 ͦ f) liquid salt bath. sodium cyanide being a common medium in both process.
 NITRIDING
in surface hardening by nitriding the machined and heat-treated part is placed in a
nitrogenous environment, commonly ammonia gas, at temperature much lower than those used in
the preciously described process, say 100 ͦf or somewhat less.
 TYPES OF HARDENING
 CARBONITRIDING
is a process of case hardening steel by the simultaneous absorption of
carbon and nitrogen from a surrounding hot gaseous atmosphere, followed by either
quenching or slow cooling, as required.
 INDUCTION HARDENING

consist heating a thin surface layer, preferably of annealed or normalized

steel, above the transformation range by electrical induction and then cooling, as required,
in water, oil, air gas.
 FLAME HARDENING

is a process of heating the surface of an iron-base alloy, which is preferably

annealed or normalized. and the quenching it. this method is applicable to the same metals
as in induction hardening (say 0.45%c for steel).
METHODS OF CASE HARDENING:

 GAS METHOD
by using a carburizing flame of natural or generated gas, it carries
carbon to the surface of the work piece where the chemical reaction takes place.
 LIQUID SALT METHOD

the metal piece is immersed in a liquid bath of carbonates, cyanides,

chlorides, etc. and therefore, an added carbon surface will be case hardened.
 PACK METHOD

the metal piece is being heated below its melting temperature in an

atmosphere or carbonaceous such as leather scraps, bone dust or charcoal.
 BRASS & BRONZE
 Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc
 bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.
 TWO
DIFFERENT
STEEL
MANUFACTURER
AISI (AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE)

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is an association of

North American steel producers. Its predecessor organizations date back to
1855 making it one of the oldest trade associations in the United States.
 AISI Y XXXX

WHERE:
Y- is a letter used in AISI only to indicate the method
of manufacturing.
1st Number (or the first two number)- Represents
kinds of steel.
2nd number- indicates the approximate percentage of
the principal alloying elements.
3rd number- indicate 100 times the approximate
percentage of carbon present in the materials.
SAE ( SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS)

 SAE standards are internationally recognized for their role in helping ensure the
safety, quality, and effectiveness of products and services across the mobility
engineering industry. They contain detailed production and interoperability
guidelines; clarify legal and regulatory grey areas; condense product development
cycles; ensure consistency and high quality in manufacturing; and lead the way to
maximum performance.
 SAE XXXX

WHERE:
1st Number (or the first two number)- Represents
kinds of steel.
2nd number- indicates the approximate percentage of
the principal alloying elements.
3rd number- indicate 100 times the approximate
percentage of carbon present in the materials.
TYPES OF STEEL
AND
THEIR
SAE NUMBERS
 STEEL SAE

 
PLAIN CARBON 10XX
 
1. FINE CUTTING 11XX
 
2. MANGANESE 13XX
 
3. BORON 14XX
 
NICKEL 2XXX
 
NICKEL-CHROMIUM 3XXX
 
MOLYBDENUM 4XXX
 
MOLYBDENUM-CHROMIUM 41XX
 
MOLYBDENUM-CHROMIUM- 43XX
NICKEL 
46XX
 STEEL SAE

 
MOLYBDENUM-NICKEL 5XXX
CHROMIUM
 
CHROMIUM-VANADIUM 6XXX
 
NICKEL-CHROMIUM- 8XXX
MOLYBDENUM

SILICONE-MANGANESE 
92XX
 EXAMPLE
SAE NUMBERS
 SAE 1320

PLAIN CARBON MANGANESE CARBON

PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
3% .2%
 SAE 2135
NICKEL PLAIN CARBON
CARBON PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE .35%
1%
 SAE 6431
 CHROMIUM-VANADIUM STEEL
 4 PERCENT OF MOLYBDENUM
 0.31 PERCENT OF CARBON
SAE 10
MOTOR
SAE 20
SAE 30
VEHICLE
SAE 40
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
 SAMPLE PROBLEM (OCT. 94)
COMMONLY UTILIZED CHEAPIEST SHAFT MATERIALS AVAILABLE
IN THE MARKET WITH CARBON CONTENT OF .28 PERCENT TO .34
PERCENT.

A. SAE 4132
B. SAE 1332
C. SAE 1430
D. SAE 1030
END