Basic Electronics Fundamentals Mitchel E.

Schults

MR. ALLEN A. LLORCA

NETWORK & SYSTEMS SPECIALIST
CCTV & SOLAR ENERGY SPECIALIST
 RESISTANCE
RESISTORS AND RESISTOR CIRCUITS - Resistance is the opposition to
current flow in various degrees. The practical unit of resistance is called the
ohm. A resistor on one ohm is physically very large but provides only a small
resistance to current flow. A resistor of one million ohm's is physically small but
presents a high resistance to current flow. A resistance that develops 0.24 calorie
of heat when one ampere of current flows through it for one second has one ohm
of resistance. The unit of resistance is often represented by the Greek letter
omega. Resistors are often made of thin layers of carbon or lengths of small
copper wire. They can also be thin deposited layers of metallic material. An
image of a few resistor types is shown below.

The property of a substance which opposes the flow of electric current (or
electricity) through it is called Resistance OR Resistance is the ability of a
circuit which opposes current. Mica, Glass, Rubber, Wood etc.
examples of resistive materials. The unit of resistance is
OHM (Ω) where 1Ω = 1V/1A.
 Types of Resistor
Resistors can be classified on various types based on various factors.
Some of the classification of resistors are:

1. Linear Resistor:
A linear resistor is the type of resistor whose resistance remains
constant with increase in the potential difference or voltage applied to it.

Fixed Resistors
As the name tells everything, fixed resistor is a resistor which has a
specific value and we can’t change the value of fixed resistors.

Types of Fixed resistors.

1. Carbon Composition Resistors
2. Wire Wound Resistors
3. Thin Film Resistors
4. Thick Film Resistors
Carbon Composition Resistors
A typical fixed resistor is made from the mixture of granulated or powdered carbon or
graphite, insulation filler, or a resin binder. The ratio of the insulation material
determines the actual resistance of the resistor. The insulating powder (binder) made
in the shape of rods and there are two metal caps on the both ends of the rod.

There are two conductor wires on the both ends of the resistor for easy connectivity in
the circuit via soldering. A plastic coat covers the rods with different color codes
(printed) which denote the resistance value. They are available in 1 ohm to 25 mega
ohms and in power rating from ¼ watt to up to 5 Watts.
 Basic Electricity and Electronics
2. Non Linear Resistor:
Non-Linear Resistor are those types of resistors in which the Current passed through it
is not exactly directly proportional to the Potential Difference applied to it. These
types of resistors have non-liner V-I characteristics and does not strictly follows ohm’s
Law.

Varisters are voltage dependent Resistors (VDR) which is used to eliminate the
high voltage transients. In other words, a special type of variable resistors used to
protect circuits from destructive voltage spikes is called varisters.
When voltage increases (due to lighting or line faults) across a connected sensitive
device or system, then it reduces the level of voltage to a secure level i.e. it changes
the level of voltages.
 Basic Electricity and Electronics
Photo Resistor or Photo Conductive Cell or LDR (Light Dependent
Resistors)
Photo Resistor or LDR (Light Dependent Resistors) is a resistor which
terminal value of resistance changes with light intensity. In other words, those
resistors, which resistance values changes with the falling light on their surface
is called Photo Resistor or Photo Conductive Cell or LDR (Light Dependent
Resistor). The material which is used to make these kinds of resistors is called
photo conductors, e.g. cadmium sulfide, lead sulfide etc.
SMD stands for Surface Mounted Device. An SMD is any electronic
component that is made to use with SMT, or Surface Mount Technology.
SMT was developed to meet the ongoing desire for printed circuit board
manufacture to use smaller components and be faster, more efficient,
and cheaper.

SMDs are smaller than their traditional counterparts. They are often
square, rectangular or oval in shape, with very low profiles. Instead of
wire leads that go through the PCB, SMD’s have small leads or pins that
are soldered to pads on the surface of the board. This eliminates the
need for holes in the board, and lets both sides of the board be more
fully used.
 Resistor Color Coding
The electronic color code was developed in the early 1920s by the Radio
Manufacturers Association (now part of Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)), and
was published as EIA-RS-279. The current international standard is IEC 60062.
published by International Electrotechnical Commission.

Color bands were used because they were easily and cheaply printed on tiny
components. However, there were drawbacks, especially for color blind people.
Overheating of a component or dirt accumulation, may make it impossible to
distinguish brown from red or orange. Advances in printing technology have now
made printed numbers practical on small components. Where passive components
come in surface mount packages, their values are identified with printed
alphanumeric codes instead of a color code.
•Band 1 (A) is the first significant figure of component value (left side)
•Band 2 (B) is the second significant figure (some precision resistors have a
third significant figure, and thus five bands).
•Band 3 (C) is the decimal multiplier
•Band 4 (D) if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band
means 20%)
Resistor Color Coding
 Resistor Color Coding
Step 1: Learn the colors

The color 'Gold' is not featured in the above table. If the 3rd band is
gold it means multiplying by 0.1. Example, 1.2 ohm @ 5% would be
brown-red-gold-gold. 12 multiplied by 0.1 gives 1.2 Don't get confused
by gold as a resistance or a tolerance value. Just watch the
location/position of the band.

Step 2: Learn the tolerances.

 Resistor Color Coding
Step 3: Do the exercises below.

Colors I used for 'Gold, Orange, Gray, and Silver'

1st band, denominator: Brown (1)

2nd band, denominator: Black (0)
3rd band, how many zeros (1)
4th band, tolerance in %: gold (5)
Answer: 1 0 1 = 100 ohm, 5% tolerance
 Resistor Color Coding
To get familiarized with abbreviations in values
4700 or 4K7, 1000 or 1K, which is all the same.
Every thousand (1000) is called a 'K' which stands for 'Kilo'.
The 'M' stands for 'Mega' (million). 1 Mega is 1000K or 1000 000 ohms.
So 4K7 means 4 thousand and 7 hundred or 4700 ohms.
6K8 means 6 thousand and 8 hundred or 6800 ohm.
One more example, 1M2 means 1million and 200.000 or 1.200000 ohms.
Here are a couple more: 1K92=1.92K=1920 ohms, 100E=100 ohms,
19K3=19.3K=19300 ohms, 1M8=1.8M, etc., etc.
These abbreviations you find everywhere in the industry, schematics,
Diagrams.
4700 ohm, 5% = yellow violet red, gold
100 ohm, 2% = brown black brown, red
1000 ohm, 5% = brown black red, gold
22 ohm, 1% = red red black, brown