Engine Misfire and Fuel Trim Analysis Techniques - Rev 2

Fuel Trim and Misfire
Analysis
A “No Excuse” Approach

Seminar Objectives
• Define “Loop Status”
Definitions (Ford Motor Co.)
• Fuel Trim Interpretation
• Ignition Misfires
• Clogged Injector Misfire
• Engine Mechanical Misfire
Seminar Objectives
• EGR Misfires
• Case Studies
Important Terms to Know
• Open Loop-Normal
• Open Loop-Fault
• Open Loop-Drive
• Closed Loop-Normal
• Closed Loop-Fault
Open Loop-Normal
• Open loop fuel system status,
oxygen sensor is not being
used as feedback for fuel
control
• Ford Motor Company has
defined the various loop status
that are listed here
Open Loop-Normal
• Show example
Open Loop-Fault
• Open loop fuel system status
due to fault status with all the
upstream oxygen sensors
• It appears that Closed loop-
fault will occur first, then this
status will appear second
Open Loop-Fault
2 Upstream sensors shorted to ground
Note: Closed Loop-fault appeared First

Open Loop-Drive
• Open loop status due to high
oxygen sensor voltages as a
result of heavy acceleration
conditions
Open Loop-Drive
• Show example
Heavy Acceleration Noted
Decel Enleanment
Closed Loop-Normal
• Closed loop fuel status,
oxygen sensor is being used
as feedback for fuel control
Closed Loop Normal
• Show example
Closed Loop-Fault
• Closed loop fuel status, but a
fault status has been
established with one oxygen
sensor on a dual bank design
vehicle
Closed Loop-Fault
• Show example One Upstream Sensor shorted to Ground

Fuel Trim Interpretation
Press Here
Fuel Trim Numbers
Fuel Trim download can be obtained at www.atechtraining.com

Short Term Fuel Trim
• This is an immediate correction to
the fuel system
• An acceptable range is +/- 10%
Long Term Fuel Trim
• This is how the system has a
tendency to run
• An acceptable range is +/- 10%
Positive Fuel Trims
• The system is adding fuel for a
perceived lean running condition
• The summation of STFT and LTFT
denote a total correction to the
system
Negative Fuel Trims
• The system is subtracting fuel for a
perceived rich running condition
• The summation of STFT and LTFT
denote a total correction to the
system
Fuel Trim Example
• LTFT = +12%
• STFT= +2%
• What is the total fuel trim
correction on this vehicle?
• Is this vehicle running rich or
lean?
Fuel Trim Example
• Would the tailpipe readings on
this vehicle be acceptable
based on today’s standard?
• What do you think the air fuel
ratio or Lambda might be on
the gas analyzer?
Fuel Trim Diagnostics
www.atsnm.com
2007 Chevrolet Impala
• Picture of lincoln
2002 Lincoln LS
Fuel Trim Exercise
MIL is On
Tire pressure is low 2004 Chevrolet Impala

It is always a good idea to look at Freeze Frame and Failure Records
Short Term Fuel Trim
Long Term Fuel Trim
Total correction equals +3%

1-6-5-4-3-2
The firing order shows that cylinders 5 and 2 are sister cylinders
Is this misfire activity ignition or fuel related?
Lean Running Engine
Interpretations
Fuel Trims will increase in a positive going direction

Lean Running Engine
Interpretation
• Single Cylinder Ignition misfire
• Clogged Injector Misfire
• Vacuum Leak Misfire
• Fuel Pump Low Volume Issue
• O2 signal shorted to ground
Fuel trim values will increase if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running lean
Lean Running Engine
Interpretation
• EGR Misfire-MAF Engine
– Significant misfire occuring
• Shorted Injector
–Pintle may not lift off its seat
Fuel trim values will increase if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running lean
Single Cylinder Ignition
Misfire
2007 Ford Tauras 3.0 Liter Vin Code U
• SHOW picture of ENGINE FAMILY 2007

tauras
The misfire occurs on cylinder # 6 Bank 2

Misfire Theory
• When the initial misfire occurs the
pre-oxygen sensor voltage will go
low due to the additional oxygen in
the cylinder
• STFT will increase slightly to
compensate for this initial effect
Cylinder # 6 Bank 2- 3.0 Liter Vin U
Upstream goes down
Downstream goes up
STFT is increasing to compensate
Misfire Theory
• The pre-oxygen sensor will
eventually begin to switch again due
to this compensation
Misfire Theory
• LTFT will begin to increase in an
effort to bring STFT as close to zero
as possible
• Post oxygen sensor voltage will be
high indicating that the vehicle is
running rich
Misfire Theory
• STFT may show a minimal impact as
a result of the single cylinder ignition
misfire will show single digit positive
values
• LTFT may show a noticeable impact
as a result of the single cylinder
ignition misfire ranging from single to
dual digit positive values
Misfire Theory
• A possible end result may show a
pre oxygen sensor that is switching
and in fuel control
• A post oxygen sensor that is slightly
higher in sensor voltage
• This is what you may see in the
service bay
2008 Chev Uplander
MAF System
2008 Chevrolet Uplander
• Show picture of 2008 Highlander

Normal activity @ idle
Initial misfire activity begins
Post sensor voltage goes higher

Injector pulse width increased
Minimal STFT increase
Misfire activity continues
2008 Chevrolet Highlander
• This subject vehicle ran for quite
some time.
• STFT decreased to a reasonable
value
• LTFT increased slightly to
compensate for the perceived lean
condition
Noticeable impact on STFT
Post sensor voltage remains high
This system is running rich

2008 Chevrolet Highlander
• The system went into what is
called “open loop” fault status
Open Loop-Fault
This system is running rich

Clogged Injector Misfire
Theory
the cylinder
• STFT will increase to compensate for
this initial effect
Upstream goes down
Downstream goes down

STFT is increasing to compensate
Theory
• The pre-oxygen sensor will begin to
switch again due to this
compensation
Theory
• LTFT will then begin to increase in
an effort to bring STFT as close to
zero as possible
low indicating that the vehicle is
running lean
Theory
• STFT may show a noticable impact as a
result of the clogged injector misfire
ranging from single to dual digit positive
values
• LTFT may also show a noticable impact
as a result of the clogged injector misfire
ranging from single to dual digit positive
values
2008 Buick Lucerne
2008 Buick Lucerne
• Show picture of 2008 Buick Lucerne

• Normal activity
Normal Operation
• The start of the fault Fault occurs here
Both sensors go lean

STFT increases
Upstream O2 is back in fuel control
Post oxygen sensor voltage stays low
Short Term Fuel Trim is increasing
Upstream goes high
This system is running lean
Short Term Fuel Trim is decreasing
Upstream is back in fuel control
Closed loop status is still maintained
Post oxygen sensor voltage remains low
The system is running lean

AFIT UNIT
Test Procedure
• Show AFITS results as well
AFIT Unit
• Show picture of AFITS
AFIT Unit installed on vehicle

• Show diagnostic report on vehicle
AFIT report
Clogged Injector
Ignition Patterns
Test Procedure
• Show ignition pattern to prove injector is
Normal Pattern
clogged
Engine at idle
Lean Cylinder Indication
Snap Throttle Test

Vacuum Leaks
Speed Density
Vacuum Leak Misfire Theory
the cylinder
• STFT will increase to compensate for
this initial effect
Location of the fault is an important factor, example: intake manifold gasket split @
one of the cylinders. This cylinder would be lean
• The pre-oxygen sensor may begin to
switch again due to this
compensation
• The IAC will normally go close to
zero because the target RPM is now
higher
• LTFT will then begin to increase in
an effort to bring STFT as close to
zero as possible
low indicating that the vehicle is
running lean
• STFT may show a noticable impact
as a result of the vacuum leak
misfire ranging from single to dual
digit positive values
• LTFT may also show a noticable
impact as a result of the vacuum
leak misfire ranging from single to
dual digit positive values
2008 300 Touring
Speed Density System
Normal Operation
Normal Operation
Normal Operation
The vacuum brake booster hose was
disconnected to create a vacuum leak
Vacuum Leak is being detected
Engine is running lean

Fuel Trims are at their limits
The Controller is compensating for the lean condition that is present
Engine is now running rich

Fuel Trims noted after vehicle ran for some time
Oxygen sensors look text Engine is running Rich ?
book perfect
Map Vacuum is higher in value
MAF System
Fuel Pump Low Volume
• 2003 Chev Impala
Fuel/OBD II Simulator
• A simulator was used to show the

effects of low fuel volume and
pressure
• The fuel pump speed was greatly
reduced in order to obtain this effect
Fuel Pump Low Volume Theory

pre and post oxygen sensor voltages
will go low due to the lack of fuel
• STFT and LTFT will increase to
compensate for this initial effect
• Perform a road test
• Show picture of tool
This unit will control fuel pump speed

Normal Operation
• Show good volume road tests using Tech

2
Upstream voltage goes low
• Show TIS Files
STFT increases
Both O2 sensors remain low
STFT reaches its limit
PCM Rich Running
Engine Interpretation
Fuel Trims will increase in a negative going direction

PCM Rich Running Engine
Interpretation
• O2 sensor shorted to voltage
• EGR Misfire-Speed Density
–Significant misfire occuring
• Leaking Injector misfire
Fuel trim values will decrease if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running rich
PCM Rich Running Engine
Interpretation
• Shorted Injector
– Pintle maybe open longer
• Fuel Pressure Regulator
– Leaking Diaphragm
– No vacuum applied
Fuel trim values will decrease if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running rich
O2 Sensor Shorted to
Voltage
MAF System
• normal
Tools of the Trade
Tools of the Trade
• Scan Tool
• Compression and Vacuum
Gauges
• Cylinder Leakage Test
• Ignition Scope/Analyzer
• Spark Plug Tester
Tools of the Trade
• Fuel Flow Meter
• Vacuum/Exhaust and Fuel
System Transducers
• ACE Misfire Software
• AFIT Injector Unit
Misfire Analysis
Techniques
Misfire Analysis Techniques
• Verify Battery Integrity
• Review Scan tool Data
• Review Technical Service
Bulletins
• Check Engine Vacuum Levels.
• Record Long Term Fuel Values.
Misfire Analysis Techniques
• Verify Good Engine Mechanical
Integrity.
• Verify Good Ignition System
Integrity
• Verify Good Fuel System Integrity
Battery Testing
• Show picture of 2003 Chev Impala
• Show picture of battery being tested
Always check the overall condition of the battery

Scan Tool Data Graphing
Technical Service Bulletin
Search
Always perform a bulletin check
Vacuum Readings Gauge
Vacuum Readings
• The vacuum gauge provides an
average of the total vacuum
created by the engine
• The minimal acceptable vacuum
value today is about 18 inches
• Show vacuum readings
Where do I attach a vacuum gauge on a modern day engine?

Vacuum Waveforms
Transducer
Vacuum Waveforms
• This method of testing allows you
to see individual cylinder vacuum
contribution in reference to the
intake side
• The highest vacuum level will be
where the downward going
portion of the waveform peaks
• Show picture of how this is obtained
Engine Firing Order: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cylinder 4 Cylinder 5 Cylinder 6
Highest Vacuum Level
Synch on Cylinder # 1 Spark Plug Wire

Static Compression
Testing
Gauge
Static Compression Testing
• This test will confirm engine
sealing integrity
• All sparks plugs should be taken
out to perform this test
• The engine should be cranked
over 4 to 5 times
Average Test Time: Over 30 minutes
Dynamic Compression
Testing
Gauge
Dynamic Compression Testing
• This test will confirm engine
breathing integrity
• The schrader valve should
remain intact for this test
• You must also burp the valve as
this test is being run
• Show picture of it being done
Average Test Time: Over 30 Minutes

Cylinder Leakage
Testing
Gauge
Cylinder Leakage Testing
• This test will further analyze the
leakage condition or integrity of a
cylinder
• This test confirms if the issue
maybe an intake, exhaust or
head gasket problem.
• Show test equipment
Average Test Time: Over 30 Minutes

Relative Compression
Testing
Scope Analysis
Relative Compression Testing
• Peak Amperage Range is 400 to
1000 amps
• Average Amperage Range is 120
to 250 amps
• Peak to Peak Amperage Range
is 30 to 50 amps
Clamp probe around battery cable

Peak Starter Motor Current
Relative Compression Test
Average Test Time: 10 Minutes

Transducers
• Show various vacuum transducers
Transducers for pressure waveforms

47 PSI measured
Exhaust Waveforms
Transducer
Exhaust Waveforms
• This method of testing allows us
to view activity on the exhaust
side
• Misfire activity can easily be
viewed

Firing Order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Normal Exhaust Pattern
Cylinder 5 Cylinder 6 Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3 Cylinder 4 Cylinder 5
Synch on Cylinder # 1 Spark Plug Wire

Pico Diagnostics
Fuel Pressure and
Volume
Fuel System Analyzer
Fuel Pressure and Volume
• Fuel pressure and volume can be
measured at the same time
• The volume measurements on
the tool will be denoted in
gal/hour
• Typical readings for fuel volume
range between .5 to .9 gal/min
Fuel Pressure and volume being measured
Fuel Flow Measurement
Fuel Pump Current
Fuel Pump Current Waveform
• Fuel Pump RPM = 60000/Time
• Fuel pumps can have 8 or 10
segments depending on design
• RPM speed will range between
4500 and 7500
10 segment fuel pump
60000/12.02 = 4992 RPM

Injector Waveforms
Transducer
Injector Waveforms
• Irregular fuel rail pulse graphs
can be serve as a clue to
possible injector flow issues
• It serves as a quick analysis of
the mechanical integrity of the
injectors
• A transducer was placed on the fuel rail,
show a picture of this
This transducer will be attached directly to the fuel rail

There is an issue noted here
Injector pressure waveform measured at fuel pressure test port

Injector Current
Waveforms
Labscope
Cylinder #2 Compression
Cylinder#2 Exhaust
Injector #2
Long Fuel Trim Values
Long Term Fuel Trim
• This value indicates how the
vehicle has a tendency to run
• The post oxygen sensor should
alo be looked at as a means to
determine how the vehicle is
currently running
Injector Analysis
AFIT Unit
Injector Analysis
• The AFIT Unit will perform the
following tests:
–FP Leakdown
–Injector Electrical Tests
–Injector Balance Tests
Ignition System Testing
Techniques
Secondary Ignition
Waveforms
Labscope
Secondary Ignition Waveforms
• These waveforms can be used to
locate the following:
–Ignition Misfire
–Clogged Injectors
–Low Compression
Primary Current
Waveform Analysis
ACE Misfire Software
• This software helps in locating
the source of the misfire activity
Case Study #1
1998 Pontiac Bonneville
• Vacuum level was noted at 18
inches mercury.
• Multiple cylinder misfires were
noted on this vehicle.
• Fuel trim values were high, but in
a negative going direction.
A Fuel Pressure Regulator was previously replaced
Misfire on multiple cylinders
Misfire on multiple cylinders
Injector Waveforms
Transducer
This pictorial was added for demonstration purposes only
Injector pattern fuel rail pulses will be analyzed

Injector Activity is fairly good
Injector Activity gets better as
the engine warms up
Injector activity is now more
consistent
The engine no longer has
misfire activity
• Fuel trims values are looked at to
get an idea if a mechanical,
Ignition or fuel related failure is
present
Gasoline in the Oil ?
• Show picture of fuel dripping from oil dip

stick
Oil is dripping from the oil dipstick very quickly

• This misfire activity appears to be
fuel ______
____ related
• A relative compression test and
cylinder balance test are
performed to get an idea of
engine mechanical integrity
PICO Diagnostics
Cylinder Wash Down
Cylinder Wash Down
Cylinder Wash Down
Engine Running
Engine Running
ACE Misfire
Summary
• Gasoline was determined to be in
the engine oil
• A fuel trim reset was performed
on this vehicle
• Fuel trim values were high, but in
a negative going direction.
Summary
• An oil change corrected the issue
on this vehicle
• Fuel trims are now within normal
working parameters
Engine is now running as designed
Case Study #2
1997 Buick Park Av
• Picture of vehicle
1997 Buick Park Av
• This vehicle had multiple misfire
activity
• Scan tool data was reviewed to get
an idea of the cylinders involved
• A relative compression test was then
preformed on the vehicle
Cylinders # 3 and # 5 are Misfiring
• Show picture of service engine soon light
A Flashing MIL was Noted

PICO Diagnostics
Vacuum Waveforms
Cranking Vacuum Waveform Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2
Cyl 3 Cyl 2 Cyl 1 Cyl 6 Cyl 5 Cyl 4
Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

Running Vacuum Waveform Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2
Cylinder 6
Synch on Cylinder# 6- Exhaust

Exhaust Waveforms
Running Exhaust Waveform Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2

Fuel Trim and Vacuum
Readings
• Put in fuel trim readings
Cold Engine
Warm Engine
18 inches Mercury-Needle Flickers
1997 Buick Park Av
mechanical or an ______
__________ ignition
related issue.
______
Secondary Ignition
Waveforms
Cylinder# 1 Secondary Ignition
• Cylinder # 1 activity Pattern
This pattern appears to be abnormal

Open Wire
Airteam
Pattern after wire replacement
This pattern appears to be normal

Pattern

Pattern
This pattern appears to be abnormal

1997 Buick Park Av
• The ignition wire was checked
and passes its test
• A visual of the spark plug
indicated it to be at a failure
status
Cylinder# 5 has a Fouled Spark Plug
Pattern after plug replacement

1997 Buick Park Av
• Misfire activity on cylinder #1 and #5
has been corrected
• Cylinder #3 alone now shows
consistent misfire activity on the
Tech 2 scantool
• Time to review fuel trim and vacuum
readings again
Test
Relative Compression Test- Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2
Cranking
• Cylinder
Relative 6 compression
Cylinder 5 Cylinder 4 test
Cylinder 3 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 1

1997 Buick Park Av
• If you get this activity, you should run
a compression test on that cylinder
right away
• The crankcase vacuum should also
be checked as well as engine
vacuum
Cylinder # 1 – Good
Cylinder # 3 – Bad
1997 Buick Park Av
• It has been confirmed that there is a
mechanical issue with cylinder#3
Vacuum Readings
• Show vacuum readings
20 inches of mercury
This was a steady
reading
A Closer Look
Fuel Trim Readings
• Show fuel trim values
Secondary Ignition
Waveforms
Cylinder #3
Pattern looks good

Fuel System Analysis
Downstream O2
• Cranking intake
Upstream O2
Downstream O2
• Cranking exhaust
This vehicle is running rich
Vehicle was run for quite some time

1997 Buick Park Av
• Fuel Pump
–Pressure/check valve Test
–Volume
–Amperage
• Fuel Pressure Regulator
–Pull line off, note increase in Pressure
–Apply vacuum to regulator
1997 Buick Park Av
• Fuel Injectors
– Voltage Waveforms
– Current Waveforms
– Pressure Waveforms
• Fuel Trims
– Significant impact will be noted on fuel
related issues
Fuel Flow Meter
• Show spec’s for fuel pressure
Fuel pressure was steady
and holding
Fuel Pump passes pressure test Fuel Pressure Reading: 54 PSI

Total Flow: 30.36 Gal/Hr
This equates to .5 Gal/Min

Use top of weight
Each division equals 2.64 Gal/Hour

• Show amperage on fuel pump for 1997
buick park av
• Show AFIT test results
Injectors Pass Test

Engine Mechanical
Analysis
Engine Mechanical is suspect
1997 Buick Park Av
• This vehicle will need a pressure
waveform analysis performed
•The information recorded stills points
to a mechnical condition on this engine
•There is also concern on the negative
going fuel trims
Transducer for Mechanical Testing
• Calculate what you think the pressure in
the cylinder should be
1997 Buick Park Av
• There is about 5 PSI in the manifold
with the engine running
•The amount of pressure in the cylinder
is equal to 9.4 x 5 PSI = 47 PSI
•This is the amount of pressure that
should be observed with the engine
running
47 PSI measured on cylinder# 1
39 PSI measured
Cylinder
on cylinder#
#3 3
This cylinder is 8 PSI lower than expected

1997 Buick Park Av
• There are several possible suspects
that may could cause this issue:
•Valve issues
•Piston issues
Conventional Test
Procedure
• Show cylinder leakage testing
Cylinder leakage Testing

• Perform normal compression test
76% Leakage was noted

Let’s use the video stik
Let’s go in and take a look
1997 Buick Park Av
Summary
• A visual inspection of the cylinder
revealed that the top of the cylinder
piston head was cracked, thereby
leading to a slight loss in compression
as witnessed by the pressure
waveform.
Case Study #3
1998 Pontiac Grand Prix
• This vehicle has misfire activity once
the engine warms up
•The spark plugs and wires have been
replaced
•The crank sensor has been replaced
Audible misfire activity is noticable at the exhaust pipe
PICO Diagnostics
Labscope
Engine is being Cranked
• Relative compression test
Synch is Cylinder# 2-Compression

Vacuum Waveforms
Firing Order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Engine is being Cranked
Synch is Cylinder# 2-Compression

Firing Order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Engine is Running
Exhaust Waveforms
Engine is being Cranked
Engine is Running
Synch on cylinder # 2
Vacuum Levels
Engine Running Vacuum Reading: 7 Inches Mercury
Let’s Smoke the System!

A Double Check
mechanical or a _______
__________ vacuum ____
leak
issue.
Secondary Ignition
Waveforms
• Show ignition pattern
Lean Condition Detected
This condition was noted on all cylinders

• A vacuum cup was placed in the
intake at the air cleaner housing
•The system was then smoked for
leaks
•A smoke machine should be used
anytime vacuum readings are low
• Show where cone is being placed.
Place cup in air intake at the air cleaner housing

Smokin IAT Sensor
Smokin PCV Hose
The intake manifold gasket was leaking as well

• The IAT sensor and PCV valve hose
assembly were replaced
•The intake manifold gasket was
replaced as well
•The vehicle is now operating as
designed
Case Study #4
1996 Mercedes Benz
• Show picture of coil
1996 Mercedes Benz
•A single cylinder misfire is occurring.
• All trouble code information has been
cleared by the repairing technician.
•The scantool shows that the 2-5 coil
pair has a spark duration of 2.5 ms.
•The technician states the miss occurs
on cylinder# 6
1996 Mercedes Benz
•Long Term Fuel Trim is at + 5%.
• The fuel injector for cylinder # 6 has
been replaced.
•One cylinder has been checked for
compression and the results showed
150 PSI.
• Indicate the firing order of this engine
1996 Mercedes Benz
ignition related
_______ ______
6 2
Synch on Cylinder# 1 Spark Plug Wire

• Show picture of mercedes
Swap and Drop
Similar to a DIS system
Mounts directly on spark plug

6 2
Synch on Cylinder# 1 Spark Plug Wire

1996 Mercedes Benz
•The fix was the replacement of a bad
ignition coil# 2.
• There were no visual signs of damage
to the coil.
•A labscope pattern show no signs of
failure per a primary current waveform.
Bad Ignition Coil #2
Exhaust Activity After Ignition Coil #2 Replacement
Case Study #5
1999 Volkswagon Passat
• Show picture of 1999 volkswagon passat
• Vacuum level is at 17 inches
mercury.
• There appears to be no misfire
activity as stated by the customer
• The vehicle is run for a long
period of time to see if we can
confirm misfire activity
• The pre oxygen sensor went low
and the post went slightly high.
• There is now misfire activity that
is present
• Our vehicle went into what is
called open loop fault status as a
result of the misfire activity
Auto Enginuity Software
Sensors are flatlined due to loop status
EScan Software
Primary Ignition
Waveforms
Quick Evaluation
Key On, Engine Running
This is being measured directly at the ignition coil wire

Key Off, Engine Off
Key On, Engine Off
Key On, Engine Running
What would you conclude?

ignition related
_______ ______
• A swap and drop technique shows
that the misfire does not follow the
coil placement
• It appears that this may be a PCM,
power stage output or a wiring issue
TSB Search
P0300 Codes
• See bulletin number 99-07 for details
The bulletin states to record the ECM part

number and FF data ECT temperature
• ECM part # 8D0907558M was noted
on the current ECM
• The Freeze Frame shows code
storage was indicated at 100 F
• TSB# 99-07; Dated: May 25,1999
addresses P0300 codes
This bulletin states to
check the Power
Output Stage
If the above listed

items are ok, the
ECM should then be
replaced
• The cost of the new ECM is $750.00
• It is important to make a through
checkout of the ignition system
before buying a new ECM
Description and Operation
Passat Ignition System
• Operation and description
This does not provide much information on how the ignition system works
The ECM sends a trigger
pulse to the Power Output
Stage
ECM
• Show actual schematic of the system
Power Output Stage
ECM
Ignition Coil Assemblies
The ECM provides also

feed to the ignition coil
• Explain block diagram Spark
diagnostics
Plugs
to the
group
The Power Output Stage

will then ground the primary
circuit for the coils thus
firing the spark plugs
Power
ECM Trigger Pulse is sent
Output
Stage
Ignition Coil Primary Circuit is

Fires Grounded
Ignition Coil
Activation Checking
Signal from PCM
Disconnect the 5 wire connector from the PCM side
of the Power Output Stage
Ignition coil side
PCM side
Check the unloaded circuit ignition signals

integrity from the PCM using a labscope
All 4 cylinders should look the same
The 5 wire connector must then be plugged
back into the Power Output Stage
PCM side
Check the loaded circuit ignition signals from the

PCM by backprobing the 5 wire connector
All 4 cylinders should look the same
Power Output Stage
Checking
Primary Circuit Grounding
Ignition coil side
Check the primary voltage patterns at the Power Output

Stage by backprobing the 4 wire connector
All 4 cylinders should
look the same
The Power Output Stage Module grounds the ignition coils

PCM Activation Checking
• Cylinders 1,2,3 and 4 showed good
open circuit PCM ignition trigger
patterns
Note: You must check unloaded
as well as loaded conditions to
get a good idea of the electrical
integrity
All 4 cylinders showed good activity

Power Stage Output Checking
• Cylinders 1,3 and 4 showed good
loaded circuit PCM ignition trigger
patterns
• Cylinder 2 pattern looked the same
as the unloaded circuit pattern
• The Power Output Stage is what
provides the loading effect for this
circuit
Cylinders 1, 3 and 4
This appears to be the same
as an unloaded circuit pattern
Cylinder 2
The PCM is working as designed, but the Power
Stage Output needs to be replaced
• The Power Stage Output was
replaced and the vehicle is now
operating as designed.
Thank You for Attending

Engine Misfire and Fuel Trim Analysis Techniques - Rev 2

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Engine Misfire and Fuel Trim Analysis Techniques - Rev 2

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Fuel Trim and Misfire

A “No Excuse” Approach

2 Upstream sensors shorted to ground

Note: Closed Loop-fault appeared First

• Show example One Upstream Sensor shorted to Ground

Fuel Trim download can be obtained at www.atechtraining.com

Tire pressure is low 2004 Chevrolet Impala

Long Term Fuel Trim

Total correction equals +3%

Fuel Trims will increase in a positive going direction

• SHOW picture of ENGINE FAMILY 2007

The misfire occurs on cylinder # 6 Bank 2

Upstream goes down

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Post sensor voltage goes higher

Post sensor voltage remains high

This system is running rich

This system is running rich

Downstream goes down

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Both sensors go lean

The system is running lean

AFIT Unit installed on vehicle

Snap Throttle Test

Engine is running lean

Engine is now running rich

• A simulator was used to show the

• When the initial misfire occurs the

This unit will control fuel pump speed

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Fuel Trims will increase in a negative going direction

Always check the overall condition of the battery

Where do I attach a vacuum gauge on a modern day engine?

Cylinder 4 Cylinder 5 Cylinder 6

Highest Vacuum Level

Synch on Cylinder # 1 Spark Plug Wire

Average Test Time: Over 30 Minutes

Average Test Time: Over 30 Minutes

Clamp probe around battery cable

Relative Compression Test

Average Test Time: 10 Minutes

Transducers for pressure waveforms

Average Test Time: 10 Minutes

Cylinder 5 Cylinder 6 Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3 Cylinder 4 Cylinder 5

Synch on Cylinder # 1 Spark Plug Wire

60000/12.02 = 4992 RPM

This transducer will be attached directly to the fuel rail

Injector pressure waveform measured at fuel pressure test port

Injector pattern fuel rail pulses will be analyzed

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Oil is dripping from the oil dipstick very quickly

A Flashing MIL was Noted

Cyl 3 Cyl 2 Cyl 1 Cyl 6 Cyl 5 Cyl 4

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Exhaust

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

This pattern appears to be abnormal

This pattern appears to be normal

This pattern appears to be normal

This pattern appears to be abnormal

This pattern appears to be normal

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

Pattern looks good