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developed by German
mathematician Georg Cantor
(1845-1918). He first
encountered sets while working
on “Problems on Trigonometric
Series” . SETS are being used in
mathematics problem since they
were discovered.
Collection of object of a particular kind,
such as, a pack of cards, a crowed of
people, a cricket team etc. In mathematics
of natural number, prime numbers etc.
A set is a well defined collection of
objects.
Elements of a set are synonymous
terms.
Sets are usually denoted by capital
letters.
Elements of a set are represented by
small letters.
There are two ways to represent sets
Set-builder form.
ROSTER OR TABULAR
FORM
In roster form, all the elements of set are
listed, the elements are being separated
by commas and are enclosed within
braces { }.
e.g. : set of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
SET-BUILDER FORM
In set-builder form, all the elements of a
set possess a single common property
which is not possessed by an element
outside the set.
e.g. : set of natural numbers k
k= {x : x is a natural number}
EXAMPLE OF SETS IN
MATHS
N : the set of all natural numbers
Z : the set of all integers
Q : the set of all rational numbers
R : the set of all real numbers
Z+ : the set of positive integers
Q+ : the set of positive rational numbers
R+ : the set of positive real numbers.
TYPES OF SETS
Empty sets.
Finite &Infinite sets.
Equal sets.
Subset.
Power set.
Universal set.
THE EMPTY SET
A set which doesn't contains any element is
called the empty set or null set or void set,
denoted by symbol ϕ or { }.
.1 .2 .3
.4
.5 .8
.6
.9 .10 .7
ILLUSTRATION 2. In fig U = { 1, 2, 3, ….,
10 } is the universal set of which A = { 2, 4, 6,
8, 10 } and B = { 4, 6 } are subsets, and also B
⊂A
.2 A
.1 .3
B
.8 .4 .5
.6
.9 .7
. 10
OPERATIONS ON SETS
AUB
(UNION)
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE
OPERATION OF UNION
1) A U B = B U A ( commutative law )
2) ( A U B ) U C = A U ( B U C )
( associative law )
3) A U ϕ = A ( law of identity element )
4) A U A = A ( idempotent law )
5) U U A = A ( law of U )
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE
OPERATION OF INTERSECTION
1) A ∩ B = B ∩ A ( commutative law )
2) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C )
( associative law )
3) Φ ∩ A = Φ, U ∩ A = A ( law of Φ and
U)
4) A ∩ A = A ( idempotent law )
5) A ∩ ( B U C ) = ( A ∩ B ) U ( A ∩ C )
( distributive law )
COMPLEMENT OF SETS
Let U = { 1, 2, 3, } now the set of all those
element of U which doesn’t belongs to A will
be called as A compliment.
U A’
GREY part
shows A
A complement
PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENTS
OF SETS
1) Complement laws : 1) A U A’ = U
2) A ∩ A’ = Φ
2) De Morgan’s law : 1) ( A U B )’ = A’ ∩ B’
2) ( A ∩ B )’ = A’ U B’
3) Laws of double complementation : ( A’ ) ‘ = A
4) Laws of empty set and universal set :
Φ ‘ = U & U’ = Φ
THE END