BIG BANG THEORY

Threshold 1: Big History

Edcel John S Canlas
11 July 2018
HAU
announcement

× BIG HISTORY SEMINAR

× JULY 17 (TUESDAY), UNIVERSITY THEATER
× 9:00 am to 12:00 nn - ICT 103 and MT 101
× 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm – IAE 105 and ICE110

× Attendance is required
× Class rep will be checking your attendance
× I will also be there.
 REVIEW
• Founded by historian David Christian and was supported
by Bill Gates
• Big History traces the Origin of Man in the bigger context
of the universe
• Big History utilizes an inter-disciplinary approach in
understanding the complexities of human existence
– Philosophy
– Science
– Social Sciences
– Humanities and Arts
 Why start at Big Bang Theory?
• The Big Bang Theory is the leading scientific explanation
about how the universe began.
• But BB is a theory and is still in question and a question.
• At its simplest, it says the universe as we know it started
with a small singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8
billion years to the cosmos that we know today.
What is before the Big Bang?
 Based on the theory, there was NOTHING before the Big Bang because there was
no idea of SPACE and TIME before its occurrence. Big Bang created both in a single
expression called as SPACETIME.
 THE BEGINNING
• SINGULARITY
• The universe begins ~13.7 Billion
years ago
• The universe begins as the size of a
single atom
• The universe began as a violent
expansion
• All matter and space were created
from a single point of pure energy in
an instant ~ from nothingness comes
everything we are today.
And thus, the Big Bang
 SINGULARITY
• A singularity is the point where the predictable nature of
physics breaks down because the curvature predicted by
general relativity at that point is infinite. They are thought
to exist at the core of black holes.
EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATURE
• Big bang ( 5.5 Billion degree
Celsius )
• energy and mass interchangeable
( cannot form any solid yet )
• E=𝑚𝑐^2

• SPACE AND TIME NOW EXIST

Charged particles are floating
around in plasma state and
cannot bind yet due to extreme
temperature.
THE COOLING DOWN • THREE Minutes after the Big Bang,
the universe has grown from the size
of an atom to larger than the size a
grapefruit
• E=mc2
• energy froze into matter according to
Albert Einstein’s equation.

• The created matter are now starting

to form free particles which soon
become stable atoms

• Forces were activated : gravity ,

electromagnetism, weak and strong
nuclear forces.
HUNDREDS OF YEARS AFTER
• ATOMS form (Hydrogen, Helium
and small amount of Lithium)
• Quarks, electrons and other
particles were formed (10-6 sec).
All these events happened in
only one second! (Lights on.)
electrons combine with protons
and neutrons to form atoms,
mostly hydrogen and helium.
With this combination, the
universe began to light up.
MINI THRESHOLD
EVIDENCES OF
THE BIG BANG
 Universal
Expansion and
Hubble’s Law
• After the Big Bang,
the universe is
constantly expanding
from 13.8 Billion years
now.
– Hubble observed the
majority of galaxies
are moving away from
us and each other
 COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION
• 1948: “Afterglow" of the Big Bang was first predicted by
Ralph Alpher and other scientists.
• 1965: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson and the Bell Radio
Receivers.
• 1965: Robert Dicke and Princeton University
– The teams each published papers in the Astrophysical Journal
in 1965.

•
 COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION
a) Noise radiation (static) is
evenly spread across space
b) The amount of radiation
matched predictions
c) C.O.B.E satellite confirmed for
the entire universe that noise
radiation (static) is evenly
spread
d) Law of conservation of energy
(energy can neither be created
or destroyed) – energy remains
constant over time
COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION
• Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, both of
Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray
Hill, New Jersey, were building a radio
receiver in 1965 and picking up higher-
than-expected temperatures, according
to NASA. At first, they thought the
anomaly was due to pigeons and their
dung, but even after cleaning up the
mess and killing pigeons that tried to
roost inside the antenna, the anomaly
persisted.
OTHER POSSIBLE EVIDENCES OF THE
BIG BANG

1) Quasars
2) Radioactive decay
3) Stellar formation and evolution
4) Speed of light and stellar distances
SOME ISSUES OF THE
BIG BANG THEORY
Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
• The law of conservation
of angular
momentum states that
when no external torque
acts on an object, no
change of angular
momentum will occur.
• In the case of the Big Bang Theory
the “singularity” was supposed to
have spun very fast, and then
exploded in a frictionless
environment, which the Universe
must have been if all the matter
was concentrated at one point.
• According to the Law of
Conservation of Linear
Momentum, all the planets
should spin in the same direction.
• However, planets Venus, Uranus
and Pluto spin in the opposite
direction to the other six planets
• In our Solar System,
three of the planets,
Jupiter, Saturn and
Neptune, have moons
orbiting in both
directions.
• From the Law of
Conservation of Linear
Momentum we can see
that if our Solar System
evolved spontaneously
by a Big Bang, all the
moons should orbit their
planets in the same
direction.
 From nothingness comes everything
• Who/What enabled the existence of the singularity?
• Who/What triggered the start of the expansion of the
singularity?
• Who/What is the universe’s state during nothingness?

• WE COULD ONLY SPECULATE.

 Other possible issues of Big Bang Theory
1. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation may not be the
Product of Big Bang
2. Observed Evidences of Matter Continuous Generation, the Earth
Formation
3. Generalized to Microcosmic Range the Law of Energy
Conservation Strictly Exists no Longer

• https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/criticism-to-universal-
big-bang-2329-6542-1000129.php?aid=72780