CHEMICALLY ENRICHED

UNIVERSE
THRESHOLD 3
BIG HISTORY
Activity
• Group into 3 and on a one whole sheet of yellow pad paper, recall the
ELEMENTS in the PERIODIC TABLE.
• LIST AS MUCH AS YOU CAN.
 Hydrogen
+ Helium +
small
amount of
Lithium
BIG STAR
BANG
NEBULA PROTOSTARS
FORMATION

Gravity
 BLACK
HOLE
HIGH
MASS
RED GIANT

MAIN SEQUENCE
or SUPERNOVA
MASSIVE
EXPLOSION
SUPER RED GIANT

STAR LESS
FORMATION MASS NEUTRON
STAR

LOW RED PLANETARY WHITE BLACK

MASS DWARF NEBULA DWARF DWARF
ATOM

ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC MASS

• Number of protons in the • Atomic weight
nucleus of an atom • Number of protons and
• Unique for each elemet neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom

• Isotopes – atoms of an element

that have different numbers of
neutrons (but a constant atomic
number)
Usually, atoms go in groups.

A molecule is the smallest amount

of compound: a substance made
from two or more atoms.
• Atomic Number 1 (H) to 92 (U): natural
• 93 (Np) onwards: man-made or synthesized
• 101 onwards: transfermium (“beyond fermium”) elements; very
heavy elements
NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION

FISSION FUSION
• Large nucleus broken down into
smaller pieces • Small nuclei forced together to
form a nuclues
NUCLEAR FUSION

STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

• Chemical elements formed at the core • The stars explodes and released a
of stars huge amount of energy as well as
neutrons which enabled the creation
of elements heavier than iron like U
• With the right temperature and and Au.
gravity, hydrogen atoms fused
together to form helium atoms and
from helium to heavier atoms.
• *Bigger stars experienced further
nuclear burning through fission to
create more atoms of different
elements.
Looking for a pattern in the elements
• In the 1800s over 50
elements had been
discovered and more were
being found!

• Chemists wanted to find if

there was any pattern to
the elements

Date of Discovery
History
• Triads
• 1817 – Johann Dobereiner

• Groups of 3 elements
• Similar properties
• Proportional atomic masses
 History
• Law of Octaves
• 1864 – John Newlands

• Arranged elements by atomic mass

• Every 8th had similar properties
Newlands Octaves
• The problem is that after Calcium the pattern starts to break down.

• Although Newland had the right idea, some of the elements hadn’t been
discovered yet and this caused elements to be forced into the wrong group!
History
• Early Periodic Tables
• 1869 - Dmitri Mendeleev

• Table in atomic mass order

• 66 elements
• Grouped on properties!

• Predicted existence of unknown elements

History
• Modern Periodic Table
• 1913 - Henry Moseley

• Periodic table in order of

atomic number

1913 – Henry Moseley discovered

that the positive charge in the
nucleus of an atom of any element is
of a definite amount.
• He pointed out the existence of
missing elements in the periodic
table for atomic numbers 43, 61,
72, and 75. Each of these
elements, Tc, Pm, Hf, and Re were
eventually discovered.
• He also showed that there are no
elements lighter than hydrogen (Z
= 1) and that there is no
possibility for elements between
hydrogen and helium (Z = 2).
 He pointed out the
existence of missing
elements in the periodic
table for atomic numbers
43, 61, 72, and 75.
Each of these elements,
Tc, Pm, Hf, and Re
were eventually
discovered.
He also showed that there are no elements lighter than
hydrogen (Z = 1) and that there is no possibility for
elements between hydrogen and helium (Z = 2).
Both possibilities had been advanced, with some proposals
demanding three elements between H and He.
Naming the elements
• After a planet ….mercury, uranium
• European mythological figures….Titanium after the Titans
• After its colour…. Gold
• After a physical property… Bromine= bad smell
• After a country…. francium = France
• After yourself….?
• After a scientist… Es = Einsteinium
• The IUPAC guidelines for the naming the elements were recently revised and
shared with the discoverers to assist in their proposals. Keeping with tradition,
newly discovered elements can be named after:

(a) a mythological concept or character (including an astronomical object),

(b) a mineral or similar substance,
(c) a place, or geographical region,
(d) a property of the element, or
(e) a scientist.

• The names of all new elements in general would have an ending that reflects and
maintains historical and chemical consistency. This would be in general “-ium” for
elements belonging to groups 1-16, “-ine” for elements of group 17 and “-on” for
elements of group 18. Finally, the names for new chemical elements in English
should allow proper translation into other major languages.
Assignment
• Choose one ELEMENT in the PERIODIC TABLE
• Choose wisely, students with the same element will be punished 

• Atomic Information
• Name
• History of naming and discovery
• Use and/or everyday use
• Trivia

• Short bond paper

• Wednesday