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T. Simarmata -2015-rev 1
What is Soil Quality
(Soil Science Society of America 1999)
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 2
Soil Quality
• The ability of a soil to Biological
function within ecosystem
boundaries to support
healthy plants and
animals, maintain or
enhance air and water
quality, and support
human health and Physical Chemical
habitation
• Soil quality integrates
Soil Properties
the physical, chemical
and biological condition
of the soil 3
T. Simarmata -2015-rev
What The function of soils?
SOIL PROVIDES SEVERAL ESSENTIAL SERVICES OR FUNCTIONS:
• Soil supports the growth and diversity of plants and animals by
providing a physical, chemical, and biological environment for the
exchange of water, nutrients, energy and air.
• Soil regulates the distribution of rain or irrigation water between
infiltration and runoff, and regulates the flow and storage of water
and solutes, including nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, and other
nutrients and compounds dissolved in the water.
• Soil stores, moderates the release of, and cycles plant nutrients
and other elements.
• Soil acts as a filter to protect the quality of water, air, and other
resources.
• Soil supports structures and protects archeological treasures.
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 4
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 5
Soil Quality and Soil Health
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 6
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 7
WHY SOIL QUALITY IS IMPORTANT?
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 8
EVALUASI KESEHATAN/KUALITAS TANAH
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 9
INDIKATOR
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T. Simarmata -2015-rev 12
HOW IS SOIL QUALITY EVALUATED?
• A minimum data set (MDS) was proposed to measure soil quality and its changes
due to management practices through selection of key indicators such as soil texture,
organic matter, pH, nutrient status, bulk density, electrical conductivity and rooting
depth (Larson and Pierce, 1994).
• Collecting a minimum data set helps to identify locally relevant soil indicators and
to evaluate the link between selected indicators and significant soil and plant
properties (Arshad and Martin, 2002).
• It is a minimum set of indicators required to obtain a comprehensive understanding
of the soil attributes evaluated (Figure 1). More importantly they serve as a useful
tool for screening the condition, quality, and health of soil (Doran et al., 1996; Larson
and Pierce, 1994; and Doran and Parkin, 1994).
– For smallholder farmers these tools need to be simple measures of soil health
and soil quality such as consistency, color and workability (Murage et al.
2000; Mairura et al., 2007).
– For extension and policy personnel, they provide basic information needed to
arrive at management decisions (Barrios et al., 2006).
– For researchers, there is need to conduct sufficiently detailed tests while
controlling for variation in order to develop meaningful assessments of soil
status, often expressed as an index of soil quality (Kang et al., 2005).
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T. Simarmata -2015-rev 15
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 16
T. Simarmata -2013-rev 17
BIOINDIKATOR KESEHATAN TANAH /KUALITAS TANAH?
(1) INDIVIDUAL, (2) KELOMPOK DAN (3) INDEKS
•1. Mikroflora
•a. Bakteri (eubakteri
dan arcahebakteri)
•b. Fungi dan algae
•2. Meso fauna
•3. Makrofauna
•4. Patogen Akar
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T. Simarmata -2015-rev 19
T. Simarmata -2013-rev 20
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 21
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 22
WHY SOIL BIOLOGY AS INDICATORS?
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T. Simarmata -2015-rev 24
Table 2.2 Effects of different functional groups on soil function, biodiversity and plant production
(expanded from Lavelle, 1996 adopted from Bunning and Jiménez, 2003).
Functional Group Effects on soil function Effects on biodiversity Effects on plant production
(selection pressures)
Litter transformers (macro- and Nutrient mineralization, On microflora Mostly indirect effects
micro-arthropods, organic matter protection
enchytraeids, other detritus and decomposition (some
feeders) bioturbation)
Phytophages and Some bioturbation On plant species Negative (feed upon or
Plant parasites destroy plant parts)
Micropredator foodweb (e.g. Nutrient mineralization On microbial communities Mostly indirect effects
nematodes and protozoa)
Microflora: Aggregation, decomposition On plants and other soil Positive or negative direct
T. Simarmata -2013-rev 25
Symbionts,plant growth rates, biodegradation of toxic biota (exerted mostly by and indirect effects on plant
promoters, pathogens, nutrient materials, nutrient cycles pathogens and mutualists) biomass
T. Simarmata -2015-rev 26
Table 3. Practical indicators and tools to measure soil health and their basic
characteristics
T. Simarmata -2013-rev 30
Table 2.8. Assessment sheet of soil health indicator (Gugino, et al, 2009)
Date ________ Crop ________________________
Farm /Field ID _____________________________
Soil quality
Indicators poor medium good
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Earthworm
Organic matter color
Organic matter
roots/residue
Subsurface compaction
Tilth/friability
mellowness
Erosion
Water holding capacity
Drainage infiltration
Crop condition
pH
Nutrient holding
capacity
Other (write in)
Other (write in)
Table 2.9. assessment guidance of soil health indicators (Gugino, et al., 2009).
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T. Simarmata -2013-rev 33
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T. Simarmata -2015-rev 36
CORNELL SOIL HEALTH TEST REPOT (COMPREHENSIVE)
Name of farmer : Chazy Plots Sampel ID : E147
Location Agent: Bob Schindelbeck,
Cornell University
Field/Treatment: CH 14 Agen’s Email : O
Tillage : 7 – 9 Inches Given soil texture SILTY
Crops Grown : COG/COG/COG Date Sampled :4/25/2007
Indicator Value Rating Constrain
l Aggregate Stability 22 25 Aeration, infiltration, rooting
PHYSICAL
water retention
Active Carbon (ppm) 462 21 Soil Biology activity
(Permanganate Oxidizable)
Potentially Mineralize Nitrogen (ug 2.0 8 N supply Capacity
N/gdwsoil/week)
Root Health Rating (1-9) 2.3 88
*pH 8.3 0 Toxicity, Nutrient availability (for crop
CHEMICAL
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TUGAS INDIVIDU
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan kualitas tanah dan mengapa dalam penilaian
kualitas tanah menggunakan indikator biologis
2. Sebutkan dan jelaskan persyaratan paramater agar dapat digunakan
sebagai indikator biologis?
3. Dalam penilaian kualitas tanah dapat dilakukan secara kualitatif maupun
kuantitatif ? Jelaskan dengan singkat tentang hal tersebut? Dan sebutkan
conroh atau parameter biologis yang termasuk sebagai indikator kualitatif
dan sebagai indikator kuantitatif.
4. Jelaskan mengapa sifat biologis digunakan sebagai indikator dalam
penilaian kualitas tanah
5. Sebutkan dan jelaskan kelompok organisme (functional group) dan jenis
organisme yang dapat digunakan sebagai indkator dalam penilaian kualitas
tanah
6. Jelaskan dengan singkat tahapan atau langkah-langkah evaluasi kualitas
tanah
T. Simarmata -2013-rev 45
• SOIL QUALITY THUNDERBOOK
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