Anatomy and Physiology

Yosi Maria Wijaya

 SKIN
Function of the skin :
1. Protection
2. Perception
3. Temperature regulation
4. Identification
5. Communication
6. Wound repair
7. Absorption and excretion
8. Production of vitamin D
Structure of the skin
Epidermis Dermis
1. Epithelial tissue 1. Papillary layer
2. Keratinocytes 2. Reticular layer
3. Stratum basale 3. Collagen
4. Stratum spinosum 4. Elastic fiber
5. Stratum granulosum 5. Blood vessel
6. Stratum lucidum 6. Nerve supply
7. Stratum corneum
8. Cornified cells
9. Keratin
10.Melanin
11.Melanosomes
Structure of the skin

Epidermis

Type of cells:
 Keratinocyte
 Melanocyte
 Langerhans
 Merkel
 Dermis
• Contains layer called the dermal papillae 
1. Papillary layer increase the surface area of the dermis and
2. Reticular layer contain many nerves and blood vessels,
3. Collagen provide nutrients and oxygen for the cells of
4. Elastic fiber the epidermis.
5. Blood vessel
6. Nerve supply • The nerves of the dermal papillae are used to
feel touch, pain, and temperature through the
cells of the epidermis
 Dermis
• The reticular layer, is the thicker and tougher
1. Papillary layer part of the dermis.
2. Reticular layer • Made of dense irregular connective tissue 
3. Collagen to provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
4. Elastic fiber
The reticular layer also contains blood vessels
5. Blood vessel
6. Nerve supply to support the skin cells and nerve tissue to
sense pressure and pain in the skin.
Hypodermis

• Known as the hypodermis, subcutis, or subcutaneous tissue.

• The hypodermis serves as the flexible connection between the skin and the
underlying muscles and bones as well as a fat storage area
• Fatty adipose tissue in the hypodermis stores energy in the form of
triglycerides. Adipose also helps to insulate the body by trapping body heat
produced by the underlying muscles.
• Function
Hair helps to protect the body from UV radiation and also
insulates the body by trapping warm air around the skin.
• Structure
a. The follicle  form the keratinocytes
b. Root
c. Shaft
The hair shaft and root are made of 3 distinct layers of cells:
the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
• There are 3 main parts of a nail: the root, body, and free edge.
 The nail root is the portion of the nail found under the
surface of the skin.
 The nail body is the visible external portion of the nail.
 The free edge is the distal end portion of the nail that has
grown beyond the end of the finger or toe.
• Eponychium Helps to seal the edges of the nail to prevent
infection of the underlying tissues.
 Physiology of integumentary system

• Keratinization
• Vitamin D Synthesis
• Skin color
DEVELOPMENTAL OF SKIN
• Infants and Children
Lanugo  develop in the fetus at 3
months’ gestation
Vernix caseosa  present at birth

• The Pregnant Female

Increased pigment in the aerola and
nipples, vulva, and in the midline
abdomen (linea nigra), in the face
(chloasma).
Increased fragility  striae gravidarum
• The Aging Adult
o Stratum corneum and dermis thins and flattens.
o Sweat glands and sebaceous glands decrease
o Vascularity of skin diminished, fragility increase  senile
purpura
THANK YOU

SELAMAT BELAJAR….