Digital

Transmission
 Digital Transmission
• A computer network is designed to send
information from one point to another.
• This information needs to be converted to either
a digital signal (digital transmission) or an analog
signal (analog transmission).
• In Digital transmission:
▫ (1) methods which convert digital data to digital
signals (digital-to-digital conversion)
▫ (2) methods which convert analog signals to
digital signals (analog-to-digital conversion)
 Digital Signals
• Bit interval (instead of period) and bit rate (instead of
frequency) are used to describe digital signals
• The bit interval is the time required to send one single
bit.
• The bit rate is the number of bit intervals per second
(bits per second: bps)
 Digital-to-Digital conversion
• The data can be either digital or analog.
• The signals that represent data can also be
digital or analog.
• The conversion involves three techniques:
▫ line coding
▫ block coding
▫ scrambling.
 Block Coding
• Block coding is used for error detection and re-
transmitted the data.
• Block coding is represented using mB/nB slash
notation.
• In general, block coding changes a block of m
bits into a block of n bits, where n is larger than
m.
 Block Coding (cont..)

• Block coding perform three steps:

▫ Division
▫ Substitution
▫ combination
• Division:-
▫ in this step sequence of bits are divided into group
of m-bits.
• Substitution:-
▫ in this step group of m-bit is substitute into n-bit.
• Combination:-
▫ in this step combine all the n-bit group.
 Block Coding (cont..)

• We get a stream when n-bit group is combine and

that stream is bigger then the original stream so
from that easily detect the error

• After block coding data send to line coding.

 Line Coding
• Line coding is the process of converting digital
data to digital signals.
• Line coding converts a sequence of bits to a
digital signal.
• At the sender, digital data are encoded into a
digital signal.
• At the receiver, the digital data are recreated by
decoding the digital signal.
Line coding and decoding
Line coding schemes
 Unipolar Scheme
• In unipolar scheme single voltage level is used to
represent data.
• In unipolar scheme, the binary 1 is represented
by a high level and a binary 0 by a zero level
• There are two common variations of unipolar
scheme :
▫ Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
▫ Return to Zero (RZ).
 Polar Scheme
• In polar scheme multiple voltage level is used to
represent data.
• In polar Scheme a binary 1 is represented by a pulse(+V)
and a binary 0 by the opposite pulse (-V).
• There are two common variations of polar scheme :
▫ Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
▫ Return to Zero (RZ).
▫ Biphase
 Polar scheme (cont.)
• NRZ encoding includes two methods:
▫ NRZ level (NRZ-L)
▫ NRZ-invert (NRZ-I)
• Biphase also refers to 2 methods. The first,
Manchester, is the method used by Ethernet
LANs. The second, Differential Manchester, is
the method used by Token Ring LANs.
 Non return to Zero (NRZ)
• In this scheme binary 1 is represented using positive
voltage and binary 0 is represented using negative
voltage.
• Two type of NRZ:
• NRZ-L(level)
• NRZ-I(inversion)
• NRZ-L:-The level of the signal depends on the type of bit
it represents
• NRZ-I. An inversion of the voltage level represents a 1
bit. A 0 bit is represented by no change
 Return to Zero (RZ)As
• It is used three voltage level:
▫ positive
▫ negative
▫ zero
• Binary 1 is represented using positive voltage,0
is negative voltage and null value is represented
using zero voltage.
 Manchester
• It is created with the combination of RZ and
NRZ-L.
• Bit duration is divided into two parts:
• In first part voltage in first level and in second
voltage is on second level.
• Differential Manchester is created with the
combination of RZ and NRZ-I.
 Bipolar Scheme
• It is used three voltage level:
▫ positive
▫ negative
▫ zero
• Binary 1 is represented using positive(+V) and negative(-
V) voltage,0 is zero.
• Bipolar scheme is also called “alternate mark inversion”
(AMI).
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
• Analog refers to something that is continuous
▫ —a set of specific points of data and all possible points between
• Digital refers to something that is discrete
▫ —a set of specific points of data with no other points in
between
• Human voice is an example of analog data. When somebody
speaks, a continuous wave is created in the air.
• This can be captured by a microphone and converted to an
analog signal
• Two technique to change an analog signal to digital signal:

▫ Pulse code modulation(PCM).

▫ Delta modulation
 Analog and Digital Data (cont.)
• An example of digital data is data stored in the
memory of computer in the form of 0s and 1s
• It is usually converted to a digital signal when it
is transferred from one position to another
inside or outside the computer
 Analog and Digital Signals
• An analog signal is a continuous wave form that
changes smoothly over time
• A digital signal is discrete. It can have only a
limited number of defined values, often as
simple as 1 and 0
 Pulse code modulation(PCM)
• Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used
to digitally represent sampled analog signals.
• A PCM encoder has three processes:
1. Sampling:
The analog signal is sampled
2. Quantization:
The sampled signal is quantized
3. Encoding:
The quantized values are encoded as stream of
bits.
 Quantization
• Quantization process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions (rounding off the amplitudes of flat-
top samples to a manageable number of levels).
• It is perform in between of maximum amplitude
value and minimum amplitude values
• Then approximate the analog value.
 Encoding
• Last step for analog to digital conversation.
• In this step approximated value is converted into
the binary format.
From analog signal to PCM digital code
  Companding
• The process of compressing and then expanding.
 Delta modulation
• A delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an
analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion
technique used for transmission of voice information
where quality is not of primary importance
• The modulator is used at the sender site to create a
stream of bits from an analog signal.
• The process records the small positive or negative
changes, called delta O.
• If the delta is positive, the process records a I; if it is
negative, the process records a O.
Transmission Mode
 Transmission Mode
• Transmission mode refers to the mechanism of
transferring of data between two devices
connected over a network. It is also
called Communication Mode.
• These modes direct the direction of flow of
information
• Transmission mode has three type:-
 Simplex Mode

• Simplex communication is
a communication channel that sends
information in one direction only.
 Half-Duplex Mode
• A duplex communication system is a point-to-point
system composed of two or more connected parties or
devices that can communicate with one another in both
directions.
 Full-Duplex Mode
• In a full-duplex system, both parties can
communicate with each other simultaneously.
 34

Data Transmission
 35

Parallel Transmission
• In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each
clock tick.
• In serial mode one bit is sent with each clock
tick.
• In parallel transmission n wires are used to
transmit n bits.
• This is limited to short distances as wiring is
expensive
 36

Parallel transmission
 37

Serial Transmission
• In serial transmission, one bit follows another so
we need only one communication channel rather
than n-channels to transmit data between two
communicating devices.
• Serial communication reduces the cost by
roughly a factor of n.
• Serial transmission occurs in of two ways:
▫ asynchronous
▫ synchronous
 38

Serial transmission
 39

Asynchronous transmission
• In asynchronous transmission the timing or a signal
is unimportant.
• To alert the receiver of the arrival of a new group of bits
(usually a byte), an extra bit (0) (start bit) is added at
the beginning of each byte.
• Another bit (1) (stop bit) needs to be transmitted at the
end of the group to indicated that the transmission of a
byte is finished.
• In addition, the transmission of each byte may then be
followed by a gap of varying duration.
• This can be either represented by an idle channel or by a
stream of additional stop bits.
• Asynchronous communication is slow but it is cheap
and effective.
• It is used for communication between the keyboard
and a computer
 40

Asynchronous transmission

In asynchronous transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the

beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte.
There may be a gap between each byte.
 41

Synchronous transmission
• In synchronous transmission, the bit stream is
combined into ‘longer’ frames which may
contain multiple bytes.
• Each byte is introduced on to the transmission
link without a gap between two bytes.
• It is left to the receiver to separate the bit stream
into bytes for decoding purposes.
• The advantage of synchronous transmission is
speed, that’s why it is used for data transmission
between computers.
 42

Synchronous
transmission

In synchronous transmission,
we send bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps.
It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.