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MEX 304 - PNEUMATICS AND ELECTRO-PNEUMATICS 10/14/2018


 So much of today’s modern machinery utilizes some form of pneumatic
component within its makeup and function. Yet it can be argued that the
majority of people know little about the industry and how components
have evolved into being essential elements the likes of jet engines.

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 Hero of Alexandria - , a Greek mathematician who wrote in the first century about
how he used wind to generate power and transport objects.

 However it wasn’t until the 1600s that German physicist Otto von Guericke first
invented a vacuum pump that utilized air pressure.
 Proved to be a pivotal century in the evolution of pneumatics as many more
became aware of how compressed air could be used to great effect.

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 Few of the many developments during the 1800’s include:
 The compound air compressor, which compresses air in a series of cylinders, was first
patented in 1829.
 1872 saw this form of compressor technology improved further as the cylinders were
cooled by water to improve efficiency. This also resulted in the invention of water-
jacketed cylinders.
 The first major functional development came in 1867 when an American inventor, Alfred
Beach, built a pneumatic subway train in New York. He showed how passengers could be
transported along a pipe through pneumatic power, with the subway running one block in
1870 to become the first of its kind in America. Permission to extend the line wasn’t
granted though, meaning the subway had to be terminated after just a few months of
operation.
 The late 1800’s saw John Wanamaker, an illustrious American merchant, become the first
to introduce pneumatic tubes in the United States Post Office to quickly transport letters
from one area of the building to another. He introduced the same system in his
department store, Wanamaker’s, to transport cash to and from cashiers along with
important documents from one part of the store to a different area.
 The pneumatic drill was invented in 1871 by Samuel Ingersoll, with a pneumatic-powered
hammer following later in 1890 from Charles Brady.
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 The evolution for pneumatics as components were used for the first time in jet
engines in the form of centrifugal and axial-flow compressors.

CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL-FLOW

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 Towards the end of the 1960s, the first digitally controlled pneumatic components
began to enter the market, once again revolutionizing the way in which this highly
effective equipment played a part in our everyday lives.

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 Here are just a couple of the ways in which pneumatics plays an important role
today:

 Pneumatics plays an essential role in airplanes to stabilize gauges in the event


of an electrical failure. This in turn enables the pilot to still have a clear
understanding of and control over the important figures that will help him land
the plane safely.

 Modern pneumatic cylinders offer fast, accurate power for low-pressure


applications, giving a variety of industries, from packaging to amusement park
rides and medical devices to automation control, simple, safe and powerful
controls.

MEX 304 - PNEUMATICS AND ELECTRO-PNEUMATICS 10/14/2018 8


 Here are just a couple of the ways in which pneumatics plays an important role
today:

 Pneumatics plays an essential role in airplanes to stabilize gauges in the event


of an electrical failure. This in turn enables the pilot to still have a clear
understanding of and control over the important figures that will help him land
the plane safely.

 Modern pneumatic cylinders offer fast, accurate power for low-pressure


applications, giving a variety of industries, from packaging to amusement park
rides and medical devices to automation control, simple, safe and powerful
controls.

MEX 304 - PNEUMATICS AND ELECTRO-PNEUMATICS 10/14/2018 9


 Physical Fundamentals and Units of Measurement (metric system)
 Units of measurement that are relevant in pneumatics: Meter – m (length /
distance) Kilogram – kg (weight / mass) Second – s (time) Kelvin – K
(temperature)
 Derived units that are used: Newton – N (force) Pascal – Pa (pressure)

 Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an
object. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its
velocity (acceleration, change of shape. Force can also be described as a push or
pull. It is a vector quantity consisting of magnitude and direction.
 Symbol: F Unit: Newton Unit symbol: N In SI-based unit: kg.
m/s^2
 Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit
area over which the force is distributed.
 Symbol: P Unit: Pascal Unit symbol: Pa In SI-based unit: N/m^2

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 For measuring pressure, the following multipliers are common: 1 kPa
(Kilopascal) = 1,000 Pa 1 MPa (megapascal) = 1,000,000 Pa In
pneumatics we normally use the unit bar. 1 bar = 100,000 Pa = 0.1
MPa = 0.1 N/mm2 1 mbar = 0.001 bar 1 nbar = 0.000000001 bar

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The compressor sucks
in air from the
atmosphere and stores it
in a high pressure tank
called a receiver.

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This high pressure
tank is called a receiver.
This compressed air is
then supplied to the
system through a series
of pipes and valves.

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Then it will go to the
compressed air
consuming system like
solenoid and cylinders.

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Then it will go to the
compressed air
consuming system like
solenoid and cylinders.

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 Compressor

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 Air Filters

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 Pneumatic Hose

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 Air Fittings

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 Control valve

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 Cylinders

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 High effectiveness
 There is an unlimited supply of air in the atmosphere to produce compressed air. Also
there is the possibility of easy storage in large volumes.

 High durability and reliability


 Pneumatic system components are extremely durable and cannot be damaged easily.
Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable and
reliable.

 Simple design
 The designs of pneumatic system components are relatively simple. They are thus more
suitable for use in simple automatic control systems.

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 High adaptability to harsh environment
 Compared to the elements of other systems, compressed air is less affected by high
temperature, dust, and corrosive environment, etc.

 Safety aspects
 Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can work in
inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion.

 Easy selection of speed and pressure


 The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are easy to
adjust and subject to few limitations.

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 Environmental friendly
 The operation of pneumatic systems do not produce pollutants. Pneumatic systems are
environmentally clean and with proper exhaust air treatment can be installed to clean
room standards.

 Economical
 As the pneumatic system components are not expensive, the costs of pneumatic systems
are quite low.

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 Relatively low accuracy – As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided
by compressed air, their operation is subject to the volume of the compressed air.

 Low loading – As the cylinders used in pneumatic systems are not very large, a
pneumatic system cannot drive loads that are too heavy.

 Processing required before use – Compressed air must be processed before use to
ensure the absence of water vapor or dust.

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 Uneven moving speed – As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the
pistons are relatively uneven.

 Noise – Noise is usually produced when the compressed air is released from the
pneumatic components.

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MEX 304 - PNEUMATICS AND ELECTRO-PNEUMATICS

10/14/2018
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