CELL STRUCTURE AND

CELL ORGANISATION
CHAPTER 2

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 Cellular components of
animal & plant cells

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 Cell wall
Plant Cells

Plasma Animals Cells

membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplast
 Vacuole Lysosome Nucleolus

Mitochondrion

Ribosomes

Centriole

Cytoplasm Vesicles

Smooth
Endoplasmic Nucleus
Reticulum

Rough
Plasma Golgi
Endoplasmic
membrane Reticulum Apparatus
 Cellular components

Organelles Non-organelles

Vacuoles
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm
Lysosomes Cell wall (plant cells only)
Centrioles (animal cell
only)
Chloroplast (plant cell
only)

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Functions
 Nucleolus

Nucleus

Has many pores (nuclear pores) in

Controls all the cell activities the nuclear membrane for
materials to enter & exit the nucleus

Nucleolus is involved in the synthesis Separates the genetic material

of ribosome & ribonucleic acid (RNA) from cytoplasm
 Ribosomes

Are either attached to the ER

Are small ‘protein factories’
or occur freely in the
for protein synthesize
cytoplasm
 Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Synthesizes & Present in large E.g. in gut cells that

transports proteins amounts in cell that manufacture
made by ribosomes makes protein digestive enzymes
 Golgi
Appratus

modifies & combines

Receives proteins the proteins with Transport & stores
from Rough ER, carbohydrates to lipids
form glyco-protein
 Smooth
Endoplasmi
c Reticulum

Present in large
amounts in cells that
Does not have Synthesizes &
make lipids & steroids
ribosomes transport lipids
E.g. cell of liver &
testes
Mitochondrion

Produce adenosine
Forms the cell’s triphosphate (ATP),
powerhouse which is the energy
source for the cell
Cytoplasm

medium to produce
provides a medium
Supports & protects energy, to manufacture
for all cellular materials & to store
the cell organelles
metabolic reactions minerals
 Lysosome

Transport undigested
Break down macromolecules such as
material to the cell
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
membrane for
as well as worn-out organelles
removal
Centriole

Involved in cell
Are found only in
division (mitosis &
animals cells
meiosis)
 Plasma
membrane

separates the cell

from its environment
The outer covering of
and allows materials
the cell
to enter and leave
the cell
 Comparing &
contrasting the structure
of animal and plant cells

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 Animal cells Plant cell

Similarities

Both animal and plant cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes and mitochondria

Differences

Not fixed SHAPE Fixed

Absent CELL WALL Present

Absent CHLOROPLAST Present

If present, are small & VACUOLE Has one or a few large

scattered throughout the cell vacuole(s) filled with cell sap
Present LYSOSOME Normally absent

Present CENTRIOLE Absent

Carbohydrates are stored in FOOD STRORAGE Carbohydrates are stored in

the form of glycogen granules the form of starch grains
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The Density of Certain
Organelles in Relation to
Functions of Specific
Cells
What are organelles?

“little organs”

Are tiny structures inside a cell that

perform specific functions for the
cell
20
 What are organelles?

 “3 main functions of organelles:

a. Carry out their specialized functions:
 E.g. Mitochondria; FUNCTION?
b. Acts as containers to separate parts of the cell from other
parts
 E.g. lysosomes
c. Sites for chemical reaction
 E.g. Chloroplast
Relationship between the Density &
Functions of certain Organelles

Density of an organelles :
total number of that particular organelles within
a cell
depends on the function of the cell

 to make sure that the cell can perform its specialized functions well
 Relationship between the Density
& Functions of certain Organelles

E.g.

Cell that specialize in producing

enzyme generally have more ER &
ribosomes to _____________&
mitochondria to
_____________________for its activities
The density of mitochondria in
active cells

 Depends on:
a) The activity level of an organism
 The more active an organism is, the higher its average density of
mitochondria

b) The specific function of a particular cell

 Cell of active tissues & organs have higher mitochondria densities
The density of mitochondria in
active cells

Active cells that have high mitochondria densities:

 Sperm cells
 flight muscle cells
 meristemic cells
 liver cells
 kidney cells
The density of Chloroplast in the
Palisade Mesophyll Cells of
Leaves
Palisade mesophyll
of a leaf is :
 the main photosynthesis
tissue
 Packed with chloroplast
to trap sunlight needed to
synthesize sugar during
photosynthesis
 Are arranged in a vertical
position to optimise
sunlight trapping
Type of cells Function Density of certain
organelles
Sperm cells To swim towards either one of the Mitochondria – are sites of cellular
Fallopian tubes to fertilise the ovum respiration in which energy in the
form of ATP is generated through
oxidation of food substances
such as glucose
Flight muscle cells Contraction and relaxation of muscles Mitochondria
insects and birds provide movement & locomotion

Cells in the meristem Divided actively to produce new cells Mitochondria

for growth
Palisade mesophyll Carry out photosynthesis Chloroplast – contain chlorophyll
cells which trap light energy for
photosynthesis
Goblet cells in the Secrete mucus Golgi apparatus
respiratory tract

Liver cells Detoxification of drugs Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Pancreatic cells, cells Produce enzyme Rough endoplasmic reticulum
of salivary glands, and golgi apparatus
stomach cells, cells
of intestine