•

Group Members
• Javeria Rehman 13
• Faria Imtiaz 48
• Ayesha Shehzadi 22
• Noor ul Ain 24
• Aitazaz Ahsan 51
• Said Nawab 53
JAVERIA REHMAN 13

Introduction
ELECTION
Definition:

• An election is a formal decision-making process by which

a population chooses an individual to hold public office by
voting
WHO GETS INVOLVED AT
ELECTIONS?

• Voters
• Political parties.
• Independent candidates .
 Voters
Voters choose by casting their vote at
elections, a candidate, a selection of
candidates, or a political party. To vote in
elections, voters have to be on the
electoral register. An electoral register is
the list of everyone who is registered to
vote in a local area. Voting gives
individuals a say on who represents
them.
 Political parties
A political party is an organisation that
seeks to influence, or control
government policy, usually by
nominating candidates and trying to win
elections and hold public office. Parties
choose candidates to represent them at
elections
 Independent candidates

An independent candidate is a person

who wishes to stand for election and is
not chosen by a political party.
 • The Electoral Commission
• standards for well-run elections.
• register political parties
• make sure people understand and follow the rules on party
and election finance
• publish details of where parties and candidates get money
from and how they spend it
• set the standards for electoral registration and running
elections and report on how well this is done .
• make sure people understand that it is important to register to
vote, and know how to vote
• The Electoral Commission produces guidance for candidates
and parties standing for election.
FARIA IMTIAZ 48

History
Early Voting in Ancient Greece
• Since approximately 508 B.C., Ancient Greek city-states
(known as polis) is the first known democracy in the
world. Greeks had a "negative" election -- that is, each
year voters, who were the male land owners, were asked
to vote for the political leader or "candidates" they most
wanted to be exiled for the next ten years.
• Participation was not open to all residents: to vote one
had to be an adult, male citizen i.e. neither a foreign
resident, slave or a woman.
• The early ballot system was voters wrote their choice on
broken pieces of pots, ostraka in Greek, and from this
name comes our present word to ostracize (exile). If any
"candidate" received more than 6,000 votes then the one
with the largest number was exiled.
MEDIEVAL VENICE
• During the 13th century, the Venetian state solidified and
elected a Great Council comprising of 40 members. The
Venetians implemented "approval voting." In this type of
election, electors casted one vote for every candidate
they found acceptable and none for those they found
unacceptable. The winner was the person who was
acceptable to the largest number of voters.
ROMAN EMPIRE
• The election of a Holy Roman Emperor was generally a
two-stage process in the 13th century, first the King of the
Romans was elected by a small body of the greatest
princes of the Empire, the Prince-electors. Later the
Emperor was selected by the Pope.
ELECTION SYSTEM IN AFRICA
• In Gambia, citizens casted their votes by
dropping marbles into color-coded metal drums with
pictures of the candidates. Each drum was tied with a bell,
when the marble was dropped the bell rang. (If the bell
rang more than once, poll workers knew someone had
broken the rules.)
ANCIENT INDIA
MODERN ELECTIONS
• The modern "election", which consists of public elections
of government officials, didn't emerge until the beginning
of the 17th century when the idea of representative
government took hold in North America and Europe.
BLACK SUFFRAGE
• When America was young, only white men over the age
of 21 were allowed to vote. The 13th, 14th, and 15th
Amendments to the U.S. Constitution were passed
following the Civil War, in the later 1860s. They outlawed
slavery and extended civil rights and suffrage (voting
rights) to former slaves. The LEGAL right to vote for
African-Americans was established, but numerous
restrictions kept many blacks from actually voting until the
1960s Voting Rights Act.
WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE
• The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in
1920. This amendment resulted from an international
movement of "Suffragettes." However, around the world
women have not always fared as well. Women still lacked
the right to vote in Switzerland until the 1970s, and as of
1990 women could not vote in Kuwait. There are many
other countries where women and citizens still have not
attained the privilege of voting in elections.
EIGHTEEN YEAR OLD VOTE
• In 1971, with the backdrop of the Vietnam War, many U.S.
citizens felt that if you were old enough to be drafted into
the military to serve your country, then you were certainly
old enough to vote. The 26th Amendment was passed
and lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 and now in
Pakistan a person of age 18 is eligible to vote for his
favourite candidate.
TYPES OF ELECTIONS
Ayesha Shehzadi
Roll no: 22
• There are two basic types of
elections:

• Primary Elections
• General Elections
PRIMARY ELECTIONS : A primary election is
an election t

Held by the political parties to select

each party’s nominee for the general
election.
• In the case of closed primaries, only party
members can vote. By contrast, in an open
primary all voters may cast votes on a ballot
of any party.
When are primary elections held?
PRIMARY ELECTION is held on the Tuesday,
ten (10) weeks before the General Election,
to select party nominees
• In a Presidential primary election, voters
registered with a political party select the
candidate who will represent that party on
the ballot in the next general election in
November.
• The PRESIDENTIAL PREFERENCE
PRIMARY is held every four (4) years on a
date established.
General Elections: is an election in which
all or most members of a given political body
are chosen. The term is usually used to refer
to elections held for a nation’s primary
legislative body.
• In a parliamentary system, a general
election is an election in which all or most
members of a given political body are
chosen.
• The general election is one that is held in the
whole state and is not limited to voters in a
particular party or a specific locality.
When are general elections held?
• The GENERAL ELECTION is held the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in November, in
even numbered years, to fill national, state and
county offices. In a general election you may vote
for the candidates of any party, regardless of your
political party affiliation.
• The purpose of a general election is to
make a final choice among the various
candidates who have been nominated
by parties or who are running as
independents (not affiliated with a
major political party).
 Constitutional Amendment Elections
Constitutional Amendment
Elections: Held when constitutional
amendments appear on the ballot. In a
primary election, if a voter does not
want to participate in one of the party
primaries, he or she may vote on the
amendments only.
 Special Elections
Special Elections –can be called which
are limited to one specific purpose,
e.g., filling a vacancy.
 By-election
A by-election is an election held to fill a
political office that has become vacant
between regularly scheduled elections.
Usually, a by-election occurs when a seat
becomes vacant between elections for
reasons such as resignation, expulsion,
bankruptcy or death of the sitting Member.
 referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an
entire electorate is asked to either accept or
reject a particular proposal, usually a piece
of legislation which has been passed into
law by the local legislative body and signed
by the pertinent executive official(s).
 recall election
A recall election is a procedure by
which voters can remove an
elected official from office through a
direct vote before his or her term
has ended.
 local elections
In many parts of the world, local
elections take place to select office-
holders in local government, such as
mayors and councilors. Elections to
positions within a city or town are often
known as "municipal elections".
FUNCTIONS OF
ELECTIONS
Noor ul Ain 24
• Competitive elections determine the democratic legitimization
of the exercise of public authority, and through this legitimizing
criterion will be different from the non-competitive selection
methods.
• Competition ensures legitimacy of decisions taken by the
elected representatives.
• Key features of elections in democratic systems are:
o Uncertainty of the electoral outcome, which depends only on
the decision of voters.
o Possibility of a real alternation of power and formation of a de
facto division into those in power and the opposition.
o As a consequence, citizens decide to whom and to what extent
they will grant legitimacy to exercise power on their behalf, and
when a change in power should occur.
• For analyzing the functions of elections, following are the types
of functions of elections.
1) Delegation of political representation.
2) Selection of the political elite.
3) Legitimization of those in power.
4) Control over authorities.
5) Ensuring political accountability.
6) Creation of political programs.
7) Recreation of the image of public opinion.
DELEGATION OF POLITICAL REPRESENTATION:
• The function of delegating political representation allows
voters to choose those persons who, in their opinion due to
the views and values held, seem to be the best
representatives [Żukowski 2004: 16].
• Delegation of political representation as a result of the
elections and transfer of the decision-making powers rests
on the assumption that voters will be able to choose from
among themselves those who have the appropriate
attributes (knowledge, integrity, loyalty to the principles,
ability to cooperate and reach a compromise), and
furthermore that those who are elected will not make
decisions based on their own particular interests, but pro
publico bono.
SELECTION OF THE POLITICAL ELITE:
• The function of elite selection has a two-stage character. The
first results from the existence of political parties as entities the
action of which leads to institutionalization of the political
sphere.
• The second stage of political elites’ selection refers to the role of
the electorate in their shaping by participating in the elections,
and by manifestation of their personal preferences for the
individual characteristics of the candidates and their political
affiliations.
• In the context of individual voting behavior, there are three
types of electoral votes:
1) Vote of opinion, which is the result of the analysis of
electoral programs made by the voter.
2) Vote of belonging, which is an expression of social and
party identification of the voter.
3) Vote of exchange, given as a manifestation of the strong
relationship between the voter and a given candidate.
In the case of selection of political elites, a single voter can
simultaneously act upon different types of motivations to
vote for a particular candidate, with the resultant deciding
about the final vote allocation.
LEGITIMIZATION OF THOSE IN POWER:
• Democratic legitimization of those in power is indicated as one
of the basic functions of the elections and consequences that
they bring [Raciborski 2003:67-69].
• The possibility of universal participation in the elections, the
resultant transfer of decision-making onto representatives and
legitimization of authority are the stabilizing elements, giving
legitimacy to the political system [Banducci, Karp 2003: 443].
In a situation of institutional crisis, direct and general elections
may help to maintain the legitimacy of the democratic system.
CONTROL OVER AUTHORITIES:
• The control function is based on the
potential to cause reflection in voters
whose aim is to assess what has been done
by the government and make a comparison
with the visions for the future, projected
both by those seeking re-election, as well
as those aspiring to seize power.
ENSURING POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY:
• The function of enforcement of political accountability assumes
the possibility of drawing consequences against persons holding
public office. It consists in the expression of disapproval for their
political activity and the consequences thereof, including the
political consequences. This distinguishes the political
accountability from other types of responsibility found in the
political system, such as constitutional or criminal.
• Elections provide parties with opportunity of creating
communication links between voters and the government, and the
elections themselves give them the option of replacing the
existing political leaders and representatives with new ones.
• Enforcement of political accountability requires voters to
participate in the elections by casting a valid vote.
CREATION OF POLITCAL PROGRAMS:
• Elections are not only an arena of political competition, but
also, for the candidates and political parties, a way to
communicate with the public. The most common form of
communication is wide political programs and their ad hoc
electoral versions, created as part of election programming
function. An important medium in influencing the
implementation of the programming function are the political
parties that create political agenda, referring to the re- presented
values and their translation into the realm of ideological
abstracts.
RECREATION OF THE IMAGE OF PUBLIC OPINION:
• The last function of the elections is recreation of the image of
the public opinion. They serve as a mechanism for translating
public preferences into legitimization of power, and also by the
opportunity to actively engage citizens in the processes of
electing authorities and systemic channeling of their activity in
this field. Elections build a map of significance of individual
topics in the public consciousness, and translate them into the
realm of current policy.
Aitazaz Ahsan 51
METHODS OF VOTING
1. Public v Secret Voting:
PUBLIC VOTING
• There was no secrecy and no private voting booths with
curtains and stillness; voting was conducted in the open
before interested spectators
• Voters stood in line or came forward from the crowd to
vote.
• They voted one by one and were always observed.
• Election clerks would enter their choices in the official poll
book.
• called voting viva voce – by voice.
• Each vote heard by everyone.
• In most states the voters came to the polling place and
selected one party’s “ticket” which listed all of its official
candidates and then voted by depositing that ticket.
• Colorful & Decorated Ticket.
• Visible to all.
SECRET VOTING
• The secret ballot is a voting method in which a voter's
choices in an election or a referendum is anonymous.
• To Achieve the goal of political privacy.
• Done through various systems.
• Blank page, write his/her choice.
• Party emblems in page, stamp in that emblem to a
SEALED BOX
• In a VOTING BOOTH.
• Done without revealing vote to anyone.
• A problem.
• Postal voting and electronic voting.
• Some countries permit proxy voting
• A member of a decision-making body may
delegate his or her voting power to a
representative, to enable a vote in absence.
• Which some argue is unreliable with voting
privacy.
PLURAL VOTING
• In 19th century, one man one vote, was criticized
by John Stuart Mill.
• Sedgwick also supported Mill
• “People, who are more educated, pay more taxes
and are advanced in age, should be given more
votes than those who are younger in age, who
are illiterate and who do not pay any tax.”
• These thinkers consider education, property and
age as basis for the grant of more votes.
WEIGHTED VOTING
• Taine said that, “Votes should not be counted,
they should be weighted.”
• More educated, more taxpayers and elderly
people are continuously given the right to plural
voting.
• Against those who are poor and younger.
• this system was introduced in Belgium in 1833.
• After the First World War (1914-18) the
Communist Party staged a big demonstration
against it.
• in 1921 when the Constitution was again
amended.
• Weighted Voting system was completely
abolished.
• This system is against democracy and the
rich people have more influence in it.
• It is difficult to fix the standard for granting
the plural voting right.
• It is not desirable to discriminate on the
basis of property.
COMPULSORY VOTING
• Compulsory voting refers to laws which require
eligible citizens to register and vote in national
and/or local elections.
• Imposes penalties on citizens or constituents who
fail to cast a vote in an official election.
• As required by LAW.
• But a person vote if he/she is interested.
• It should come by heart
• Not by punishment.
METHODS OF ELECTION
• Direct Election
• Simple Method
• Voters Cast their vote
• For or against various candidates.
• Candidate who secures majority declared
successful.
• Become representative from that constituency.
(halka).
• Widely accepted, Usually for lower house of the
legislatures.
• Indirect Election:
• Complicated Method.
• Voter do not elect their representative.
• Voter elects only numbers of person known as
ELECTROS.
• Who constitute ELECTORAL COLLEGE.
• These electros choose representatives.
• So, it invloves DOUBLE ELECTION.
• This method is not so common widely.
• It is usually done for the SENATE or Upper house of the
legislature.
• E.g. FRANCE, RUSSIA, PAKISTAN & PRESEIDENTS
ALSO.
MERIT & DEMERITS
MERITS
• People came through proper channel unlike dictatorship,
aristocracy etc.
• Free & Fair election brings RIGHT people to serve his
country.
• Diversity.
• Parties equal chance to compete.
• The government will work properly because they want to
be in power.
• If did not work properly then they might lose in next
election.
• Higher accountability.
• Promote welfare schemes There will be faster
conversion of bills into legislative act.
• The manifesto and promises made clear.
• It brings egalitarianism; egalitarianism simply
means the equality of everyone before the law
and constitution.
• 1 person 1 vote.
• Representation of minorities.
• It gives minority interests a say in the election.
• Minority causes, interests, and concerns are
given a voice that reaches a national level.
Demerits
• Expensive.
• People Cast votes with influence to family heads, feudal,
PEER MUREED.
• Uneducated person comes forward.
• Upper class interest.
• Policies favor elite class.
• Work against their manifesto.
• Dirty tricks to win elections
• sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.
• Parties and leaders often level allegations against one
another.
• Nepotism (favoring relatives or friends).
• Ethnocentrism.
• Infrastructure started by one party, then stopped
by other.
• Not come to contact when came in government.
• People are more likely to vote for someone
whom they find to be charismatic and
interesting, irrespective of their policy
platform.
• Work for their constituency only, not for those
who did not gave vote to them.
• Horse trading.
• Lack of Female Participation.
Elections in Pakistan
BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTION IN PAKISTAN
• No elections for first 15 years.
• First elections came in 1962, under military dictator
General Ayub Khan.
• Then, General Yahya Khan, held polls in 1970.
• fairest the country had held so far.
• Separatist Bengali leader Sheikh Mujibur Rehman’s
Awami League party won in then East Pakistan.
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) won in
West Pakistan.
• War erupted between Pakistan and India
• Eastern wing splitting off to become an independent
Bangladesh
• Bhutto becomes PM Pakistan in 1971.
General Yahya khan
• Bhutto held elections in 1977
• “ Pakistan Qaumi Ittehad”, launched a movement against his
government.
• General Ziaul Haq tookover in July 1977
• He promised to hold fresh polls within 90 days.
• They never happened.
• Zia hanged Bhutto two years later and got himself elected as
president in a REFERENDUM.
• General Ziaul Haq ruled for 11 years until he was killed in a
mysterious plane crash in August 1988.
• Elections in November 1988 brought the PPP back to power
• Benazir Bhutto, became the Muslim world’s first woman prime
minister.
• 20 months later, Benazir was thrown away by President Ghulam
Ishaq Khan
• over allegations of corruption.
• Next elections were held in October 1990, when Benazir’s rival
Nawaz Sharif won a majority.
• A power struggle erupted between Nawaz and Ishaq Khan and both
resigned in 1993.
• In 1993 again elections were held in Pakistan and Benazir won
the polls.
• Benazir’s government was again dismissed on corruption
charges in 1996.
• In the 1997 elections, PML Nawaz came to power.
• The army fall over Nawaz after he refused to allow the army
chief’s plane to land in Pakistan after a foreign visit.
• Musharraf became Chief Executive and sent Nawaz into exile
in Saudi Arabia the following year.
• In 2002, Musharraf held elections and a referendum on him
becoming president
• The next elections held in January 2008
• Benazir and Nawaz returned from exile to contest elections.
• Benazir was assassinated on December 27, 2007, and the
elections were delayed until February 18, 2008.
• PPP won 2008 election
PAKISTAN'S ELECTORAL SYSTEM
• Government Type:
Islamic Republic

• Head of State:
Mamnoon Hussain, President.
Khakan Abbasi, Prime Minister
• Total number of Upper House Seats:
104

• Total number of Lower House Seats:

342
• Electoral Constituencies:
• National Assembly ‫قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان‬:
• Lower house: Total 342 seats:
• Directly elected (272 seats): districts divided by province, the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and the Federal Capital.
• Women (60 seats)
• Non-‐Muslims (minorities) (10 seats)
• 172 seats needed for an overall majority
Senate,
Pakistan
• REGISTERED VOTERS in the country.
• 10 crore(104,267,581)
• 5 crore 80 lacs (58.463,228) male
• 4 crore 50 lac (45,804,353) female voters.
• Electoral System:
• President: Elected for a term of 5 years by the members
of both houses of Parliament, as well as members of the
Provincial Assemblies.
• Candidates for President must be Muslim, and members
of the National Assembly.
• Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is elected by the
National Assembly Members.
• Both for 5 Long terms.
• PM can be PM for two times if his party wins election
repeatedly.
Tussle for 2018 Elections
• Pakistan’s has been ruled by three parties in last 70
years. PML-N, PPP & Military.
• Remember the game “Passing the pillow”, power has
passed like a pillow between these three.
• More than half of Pakistan’s population would say with
surety that the next in power would be PPP.
Let’s start with when is Pakistan General Election
2018 held?
• The exact date is not decided but they will be held within
90 days after, June 5th, 2018 or maybe delay.
Then comes who are the major players in Elections
2018?
• The answer to this would be PMLN in Punjab, PPP in
Sindh and PTI in kpk.
Can we expect fair elections?
• Well on paper yes, there are new software’s
developed specifically for NADRA and Election
Commission of Pakistan to make sure fair and
impartial elections are held.
• 80,000 CCTV cameras to monitor elections 2018
• Practically, with Pakistan politics and the greed
for power that lies in our politicians you will be a
fool to expect a free, fair, impartial election.
Who can vote?
• 18+ and above, but make sure you have a valid
CNIC
Musharraf’s take on 2018 elections
• “PPP will win, PMLN will form government in
Punjab while Musharraf feels there is no hope for
Imran Khan, as he has no plan”
Imran Khan’s chance in elections 2018
• Well let’s hope for a miracle.
How are the parties playing the sympathy
card for elections?
• PMLN: Starting excessive projects by
taking huge loans, leading the way through
CPEC.
• PPP: Playing their trump card these days in shape of
Bilawal Bhutto.
• PTI: Disqualifying Prime Minister and highlighting their
work in KPK from 1 billion tree Tsunami to improvement in
education system of the province.
Khalayi Makhlooq
• The opinions may vary related to General
Elections 2018 but the point is that every
Pakistani should have a point of view about
the upcoming elections.
• Vote for your opinion, because no matter
how unfair the system gets, and how cliché
it sounds but your vote does make a
difference.
VOTE KO IZZAT DO