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Primary
Primary
oocyte
spermatocyte
Meiosis I
Meiosis I
Secondary
spermatocytes
Secondary
oocyte
Meiosis II
Spermatids
Polar bodies
Meiosis II
Spermiogenesis
Ovum
Spermatozoa
Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1. Four gametes from each primary 1. One gamete from each primary
spermatocyte oocyte
2. Four small gametes of equal size 2. One large gamete + 2-3 polar bodies
3. Most cytoplasm is shed from 3. Cytoplasm conserved in one large
spermatocyte gamete - may increase. Thus, in the
final gamete there is a large amount
of cytoplasm.
Spermatozoan
1. Transfer of genetic information to next generation
2. Locomotion
3. Penetration of barriers surrounding the egg
4. Fusion with oolemma
5. Receptor mediated recognition of egg
Ovum
1. Transfer of genetic information to next
generation
2. Chemoattraction of spermatozoan
3. Prevention of polyspermy
4. Storage of nutrients (importance varies)
5. Storage of cytoplasmic information (importance
varies)
*
All oocytes remain in
All
theoocytes remain
dictyate statein the
(quiescent) until
stimulated by hormones
during the menstrual
cycle to continue their
maturation
*
All oocytes remain in
All oocytes remain in the
the dictyate state
(quiescent) until
stimulated by hormones
during the menstrual
cycle to continue their
maturation
The Dictyate State
1. A sort of “stasis” where the developing oocyte arrests
in diplotene of the first meiotic prophase following initial
maturation while the mother is an embryo in her
mother’s womb.
2. Mediated by a meiosis stabilizing factor that is secreted
by the follicle cells of the primordial follicle.
3. At the beginning of a menstrual cycle a number of
oocytes in primordial follicles are stimulated by pituitary
gonadotropins to continue their maturation.
a. Mainly due to leuteinizing hormone (LH) concentration
b. Either blocks or deactivates the meiosis stabilizing
factor
c. As a result, egg maturation continues and meiosis I
occurs
4. In many species (including humans), the oocyte then
arrests at metaphase of meiosis II until after
fertilization.
All oocytes remain in
All oocytes remain in the
the dictyate state
(quiescent) until
stimulated by hormones
*
during the menstrual
cycle to continue their
maturation
Number of eggs stimulated to begin maturation in a
females lifetime.
Number of years between puberty and menopause ~ 40
Number of menstrual cycles per year ~ 12
So, if a woman is never pregnant, the number of eggs she will loose due to
the menstrual cycle is about:
40 x 12 x 9 = ~ 4320 eggs
Thus, the vast majority of eggs (~495,680) lost during her life degenerate
without every being stimulated to continue their maturation.
Follicular development
2. Vitellogenic phase - starts after the egg is stimulated to continue its maturation
Chicken
http://www.luc.edu/depts/biology/dev/lampbr.htm
http://rat.inst.bio.spbu.ru/posters/Paris2001/gsa_p1f1.jpg
Vitelligenic phase - Yolk deposition
1. Vitellogenins - estrogen stimulates synthesis of vitellogenins in liver or
equivalent organ. Transported to ovary by circulatory system. Follicle
cells may mediate transfer into egg.
2. Molecular structure of vitellogenins modified in the egg. Deposition of
yolk in cytoplasm mediated by enzymes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
bodies, mitochondria. Yolk platelets formed.
3. Vitellins - definitive yolk. Composition - lipid, protein, carbohydrate,
phosphorus
http://www.luc.edu/depts/biology/dev/vitellog.htm
2. Vitellogenic phase - yolk deposition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Salmoneggskils.jpg
Cytoplasmic Information
Where does it come from?
Some of the RNA transcribed from DNA during
diplotene of the first meiotic prophase and stored in
cytoplasm in inactive form until needed during
development.
What’s it for?
1. Fast start for development.
2. Can determine fate of specific groups of cells, e.g.
primordial germ cells in amphibians and insects.
Ovulation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/femalerepro_3.gif
Ovulation
In mammals, the egg is ovulated as a
secondary oocyte that is at metaphase
of the second meiotic division and is
surrounded by layers of cumulus follicle
cells. Bovine secondary oocyte surrounded by
cumulus follicle cells
http://www.talbotcentral.ucr.edu/mammalianfert.htm
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/fert/gxport.html
Ovulation [research performed on hampster follicles (Martin et
al., 1981; Schroeder and Talbot, 1982)]
http://www.talbotcentral.ucr.edu/mammalianfert.htm
http://www.obgyn.net/medical.asp?page=/english/pubs/features/mcgill-student-projects/ovulation-image
Corpus luteum
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/femalerepro_3.gif
Picture of cat corpora lutea in digital lab manual.