NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

BRIEF HISTORY OF NAM

The first Conference of Non-Aligned Heads of State, at which 25
countries were represented, was convened at Belgrade in
September 1961, largely through the initiative of Yugoslavian
President Tito. He had expressed concern that an accelerating
arms race might result in war between the Soviet Union and the
USA.
Subsequent conferences involved ever-increasing participation
by developing countries. The 1964 Conference in Cairo, with 47
countries represented, featured widespread condemnation of
Western colonialism and the retention of foreign military
installations. Thereafter, the focus shifted away from essentially
political issues, to the advocacy of solutions to global economic
and other problems.
 NAM Summits at a glance
• First Conference - Belgrade, September 1-6, 1961
• Second Conference - Cairo, October 5-10, 1964
• Third Conference - Lusaka, September 8-10, 1970
• Fourth Conference - Algiers, September 5-9, 1973
• Fifth Conference - Colombo, August 16-19, 1976
• Sixth Conference - Havana, September 3-9, 1979
• Seventh Conference - New Delhi, march 7-12, 1983
• Eighth Conference - Harare, September 1-6, 1986
• Ninth Conference - Belgrade, September 4-7, 1989
• Tenth Conference - Jakarta, September 1-7, 1992
• Eleventh Conference - Cartagena de Indias, October 18-20, 1995
• AND SO ON…
 ARCHITECTS OF NAM
• JAWAHARLAL NEHRU OF INDIA
• SUKARNO OF INDONESIA
• GAMAL ABDEL NASSER OF EGYPT
• JOSIP BROZ TITO OF YUGLOSLAVIA
• KWAME NKRUMAH OF GHANA
• U NU OF BURMA
ARCHITECTS OF NAM
 FACTORS LEADING TO FORMATION OF NAM

1) GLOBAL TENSION CAUSED BY COLD WAR:

Most of the newly independent countries of Asia &
Africa realized that the division of the world into two
power blocks was not in the larger interest and this
might endanger world peace. These nations felt that
by maintaining a distance from both the super powers
they would put off the danger of another war.
 FACTORS LEADING TO FORMATION OF NAM

2) STRUGGLE AGAINST IMPERIALISM:

The newly independent nations opted for non-
alignment because most of these countries remained
under big powers for a long period of time. They
wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom and
the power that had come with it.
 FACTORS LEADING TO FORMATION OF NAM

3) RIGHT OF INDEPENDENT JUDGEMENT:

The newly independent nations were able to keep
their own identity by not aligning with any of the
power blocks. They wanted to solve their problems
themselves without any outside interference or
influence.
 FACTORS LEADING TO FORMATION OF NAM

4) USE OF MODERATION WITH ALL BIG POWERS:

The newly independent nations wanted to promote
goodwill and cooperation among the nations of Asia
& Africa and to explore and advance their mutual
interests by establishing friendly relations with all
the nations.
FACTORS LEADING TO FORMATION OF NAM

5) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
Most of the newly independent nations were
underdeveloped. To come out of this they needed
financial & technical assistance from both the
power blocks.
 MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF NAM
1) MAINTAINENCE OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE…
2) END OF RACISM…
3) DISARMAMENT…
4) SUPPORT TO THE UNITED NATIONS…
5) NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER…
6) PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT…
7) STRESS ON EQUALITY OF NATIONS…
8) ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS…
9) GLOBAL COOPERATION…
10) PROMOTE FREEDOM OF NATIONS…
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S ROLE IN NAM
• The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his
speech at UN in 1953 which was later used by Indian Prime
Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954
in Colombo Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the
five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations,
which were first Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these
principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned
Movement.
The five principles were:
• Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and
sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S ROLE IN NAM
• Jawaharlal Nehru's concept of non-alignment
brought India considerable international prestige
among newly independent states that shared
India's concerns about the military confrontation
between the superpowers and the influence of the
former colonial powers. New Delhi used
nonalignment to establish a significant role for
itself as a leader of the newly independent world
in such multilateral organizations as the United
Nations and the Non-aligned Movement.
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S ROLE IN NAM
1) India convened the Asian Relations
Conference in New Delhi in March 1947
much before Independence where he said,
“for too long, we of Asia, have been
petitioners in western courts. That story must
now belong to the past. We propose to stand
on our own feet. We do not intend to be the
play things of others.”
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S ROLE IN NAM
• 2) Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a
guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first
Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these
principles would later serve as the basis of the
Non-Aligned Movement.
The five principles were:
– Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity
and sovereignty
– Mutual non-aggression
– Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
– Equality and mutual benefit
– Peaceful co-existence
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S ROLE IN NAM
3) The 1st Non-Aligned Movement Conference was
held at Belgrade in 1961. Nehru laid emphasis on:
• Negotiation for peace
• The problem of making good, economically &
socially
• Negotiations for complete global disarmament
• Ending imperialism in all its forms and
liquidation of colonialism
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S ROLE IN NAM
4) Nehru supported the sovereignty of nations:
• India refused to be a part of either power blocks
which threatened world peace.
• During Korean crisis(1950), India strongly condemned
North Korea for aggression over South Korea.
• In 1956, India condemned the Anglo-French action in
Egypt on the Suez Canal issue. Nehru made efforts to
find a solution.
• Russia was held responsible for military intervention
in Hungary.
• After joining SEATO, Pakistan’s hostility increased but
India stood calm.
 END OF NAM

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… THE GANDHIAN PHASE
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